/**
 * REST API: WP_REST_Comments_Controller class
 *
 * @package WordPress
 * @subpackage REST_API
 * @since 4.7.0
 */

/**
 * Core controller used to access comments via the REST API.
 *
 * @since 4.7.0
 *
 * @see WP_REST_Controller
 */
class WP_REST_Comments_Controller extends WP_REST_Controller {

	/**
	 * Instance of a comment meta fields object.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 * @var WP_REST_Comment_Meta_Fields
	 */
	protected $meta;

	/**
	 * Constructor.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 */
	public function __construct() {
		$this->namespace = 'wp/v2';
		$this->rest_base = 'comments';

		$this->meta = new WP_REST_Comment_Meta_Fields();
	}

	/**
	 * Registers the routes for comments.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 *
	 * @see register_rest_route()
	 */
	public function register_routes() {

		register_rest_route(
			$this->namespace,
			'/' . $this->rest_base,
			array(
				array(
					'methods'             => WP_REST_Server::READABLE,
					'callback'            => array( $this, 'get_items' ),
					'permission_callback' => array( $this, 'get_items_permissions_check' ),
					'args'                => $this->get_collection_params(),
				),
				array(
					'methods'             => WP_REST_Server::CREATABLE,
					'callback'            => array( $this, 'create_item' ),
					'permission_callback' => array( $this, 'create_item_permissions_check' ),
					'args'                => $this->get_endpoint_args_for_item_schema( WP_REST_Server::CREATABLE ),
				),
				'schema' => array( $this, 'get_public_item_schema' ),
			)
		);

		register_rest_route(
			$this->namespace,
			'/' . $this->rest_base . '/(?P<id>[\d]+)',
			array(
				'args'   => array(
					'id' => array(
						'description' => __( 'Unique identifier for the comment.' ),
						'type'        => 'integer',
					),
				),
				array(
					'methods'             => WP_REST_Server::READABLE,
					'callback'            => array( $this, 'get_item' ),
					'permission_callback' => array( $this, 'get_item_permissions_check' ),
					'args'                => array(
						'context'  => $this->get_context_param( array( 'default' => 'view' ) ),
						'password' => array(
							'description' => __( 'The password for the parent post of the comment (if the post is password protected).' ),
							'type'        => 'string',
						),
					),
				),
				array(
					'methods'             => WP_REST_Server::EDITABLE,
					'callback'            => array( $this, 'update_item' ),
					'permission_callback' => array( $this, 'update_item_permissions_check' ),
					'args'                => $this->get_endpoint_args_for_item_schema( WP_REST_Server::EDITABLE ),
				),
				array(
					'methods'             => WP_REST_Server::DELETABLE,
					'callback'            => array( $this, 'delete_item' ),
					'permission_callback' => array( $this, 'delete_item_permissions_check' ),
					'args'                => array(
						'force'    => array(
							'type'        => 'boolean',
							'default'     => false,
							'description' => __( 'Whether to bypass Trash and force deletion.' ),
						),
						'password' => array(
							'description' => __( 'The password for the parent post of the comment (if the post is password protected).' ),
							'type'        => 'string',
						),
					),
				),
				'schema' => array( $this, 'get_public_item_schema' ),
			)
		);
	}

	/**
	 * Checks if a given request has access to read comments.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 *
	 * @param WP_REST_Request $request Full details about the request.
	 * @return true|WP_Error True if the request has read access, error object otherwise.
	 */
	public function get_items_permissions_check( $request ) {

		if ( ! empty( $request['post'] ) ) {
			foreach ( (array) $request['post'] as $post_id ) {
				$post = get_post( $post_id );

				if ( ! empty( $post_id ) && $post && ! $this->check_read_post_permission( $post, $request ) ) {
					return new WP_Error(
						'rest_cannot_read_post',
						__( 'Sorry, you are not allowed to read the post for this comment.' ),
						array( 'status' => rest_authorization_required_code() )
					);
				} elseif ( 0 === $post_id && ! current_user_can( 'moderate_comments' ) ) {
					return new WP_Error(
						'rest_cannot_read',
						__( 'Sorry, you are not allowed to read comments without a post.' ),
						array( 'status' => rest_authorization_required_code() )
					);
				}
			}
		}

		if ( ! empty( $request['context'] ) && 'edit' === $request['context'] && ! current_user_can( 'moderate_comments' ) ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'rest_forbidden_context',
				__( 'Sorry, you are not allowed to edit comments.' ),
				array( 'status' => rest_authorization_required_code() )
			);
		}

		if ( ! current_user_can( 'edit_posts' ) ) {
			$protected_params = array( 'author', 'author_exclude', 'author_email', 'type', 'status' );
			$forbidden_params = array();

			foreach ( $protected_params as $param ) {
				if ( 'status' === $param ) {
					if ( 'approve' !== $request[ $param ] ) {
						$forbidden_params[] = $param;
					}
				} elseif ( 'type' === $param ) {
					if ( 'comment' !== $request[ $param ] ) {
						$forbidden_params[] = $param;
					}
				} elseif ( ! empty( $request[ $param ] ) ) {
					$forbidden_params[] = $param;
				}
			}

			if ( ! empty( $forbidden_params ) ) {
				return new WP_Error(
					'rest_forbidden_param',
					/* translators: %s: List of forbidden parameters. */
					sprintf( __( 'Query parameter not permitted: %s' ), implode( ', ', $forbidden_params ) ),
					array( 'status' => rest_authorization_required_code() )
				);
			}
		}

		return true;
	}

	/**
	 * Retrieves a list of comment items.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 *
	 * @param WP_REST_Request $request Full details about the request.
	 * @return WP_REST_Response|WP_Error Response object on success, or error object on failure.
	 */
	public function get_items( $request ) {

		// Retrieve the list of registered collection query parameters.
		$registered = $this->get_collection_params();

		/*
		 * This array defines mappings between public API query parameters whose
		 * values are accepted as-passed, and their internal WP_Query parameter
		 * name equivalents (some are the same). Only values which are also
		 * present in $registered will be set.
		 */
		$parameter_mappings = array(
			'author'         => 'author__in',
			'author_email'   => 'author_email',
			'author_exclude' => 'author__not_in',
			'exclude'        => 'comment__not_in',
			'include'        => 'comment__in',
			'offset'         => 'offset',
			'order'          => 'order',
			'parent'         => 'parent__in',
			'parent_exclude' => 'parent__not_in',
			'per_page'       => 'number',
			'post'           => 'post__in',
			'search'         => 'search',
			'status'         => 'status',
			'type'           => 'type',
		);

		$prepared_args = array();

		/*
		 * For each known parameter which is both registered and present in the request,
		 * set the parameter's value on the query $prepared_args.
		 */
		foreach ( $parameter_mappings as $api_param => $wp_param ) {
			if ( isset( $registered[ $api_param ], $request[ $api_param ] ) ) {
				$prepared_args[ $wp_param ] = $request[ $api_param ];
			}
		}

		// Ensure certain parameter values default to empty strings.
		foreach ( array( 'author_email', 'search' ) as $param ) {
			if ( ! isset( $prepared_args[ $param ] ) ) {
				$prepared_args[ $param ] = '';
			}
		}

		if ( isset( $registered['orderby'] ) ) {
			$prepared_args['orderby'] = $this->normalize_query_param( $request['orderby'] );
		}

		$prepared_args['no_found_rows'] = false;

		$prepared_args['update_comment_post_cache'] = true;

		$prepared_args['date_query'] = array();

		// Set before into date query. Date query must be specified as an array of an array.
		if ( isset( $registered['before'], $request['before'] ) ) {
			$prepared_args['date_query'][0]['before'] = $request['before'];
		}

		// Set after into date query. Date query must be specified as an array of an array.
		if ( isset( $registered['after'], $request['after'] ) ) {
			$prepared_args['date_query'][0]['after'] = $request['after'];
		}

		if ( isset( $registered['page'] ) && empty( $request['offset'] ) ) {
			$prepared_args['offset'] = $prepared_args['number'] * ( absint( $request['page'] ) - 1 );
		}

		/**
		 * Filters WP_Comment_Query arguments when querying comments via the REST API.
		 *
		 * @since 4.7.0
		 *
		 * @link https://developer.wordpress.org/reference/classes/wp_comment_query/
		 *
		 * @param array           $prepared_args Array of arguments for WP_Comment_Query.
		 * @param WP_REST_Request $request       The REST API request.
		 */
		$prepared_args = apply_filters( 'rest_comment_query', $prepared_args, $request );

		$query        = new WP_Comment_Query();
		$query_result = $query->query( $prepared_args );

		$comments = array();

		foreach ( $query_result as $comment ) {
			if ( ! $this->check_read_permission( $comment, $request ) ) {
				continue;
			}

			$data       = $this->prepare_item_for_response( $comment, $request );
			$comments[] = $this->prepare_response_for_collection( $data );
		}

		$total_comments = (int) $query->found_comments;
		$max_pages      = (int) $query->max_num_pages;

		if ( $total_comments < 1 ) {
			// Out-of-bounds, run the query again without LIMIT for total count.
			unset( $prepared_args['number'], $prepared_args['offset'] );

			$query                    = new WP_Comment_Query();
			$prepared_args['count']   = true;
			$prepared_args['orderby'] = 'none';

			$total_comments = $query->query( $prepared_args );
			$max_pages      = (int) ceil( $total_comments / $request['per_page'] );
		}

		$response = rest_ensure_response( $comments );
		$response->header( 'X-WP-Total', $total_comments );
		$response->header( 'X-WP-TotalPages', $max_pages );

		$base = add_query_arg( urlencode_deep( $request->get_query_params() ), rest_url( sprintf( '%s/%s', $this->namespace, $this->rest_base ) ) );

		if ( $request['page'] > 1 ) {
			$prev_page = $request['page'] - 1;

			if ( $prev_page > $max_pages ) {
				$prev_page = $max_pages;
			}

			$prev_link = add_query_arg( 'page', $prev_page, $base );
			$response->link_header( 'prev', $prev_link );
		}

		if ( $max_pages > $request['page'] ) {
			$next_page = $request['page'] + 1;
			$next_link = add_query_arg( 'page', $next_page, $base );

			$response->link_header( 'next', $next_link );
		}

		return $response;
	}

	/**
	 * Get the comment, if the ID is valid.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.2
	 *
	 * @param int $id Supplied ID.
	 * @return WP_Comment|WP_Error Comment object if ID is valid, WP_Error otherwise.
	 */
	protected function get_comment( $id ) {
		$error = new WP_Error(
			'rest_comment_invalid_id',
			__( 'Invalid comment ID.' ),
			array( 'status' => 404 )
		);

		if ( (int) $id <= 0 ) {
			return $error;
		}

		$id      = (int) $id;
		$comment = get_comment( $id );
		if ( empty( $comment ) ) {
			return $error;
		}

		if ( ! empty( $comment->comment_post_ID ) ) {
			$post = get_post( (int) $comment->comment_post_ID );

			if ( empty( $post ) ) {
				return new WP_Error(
					'rest_post_invalid_id',
					__( 'Invalid post ID.' ),
					array( 'status' => 404 )
				);
			}
		}

		return $comment;
	}

	/**
	 * Checks if a given request has access to read the comment.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 *
	 * @param WP_REST_Request $request Full details about the request.
	 * @return true|WP_Error True if the request has read access for the item, error object otherwise.
	 */
	public function get_item_permissions_check( $request ) {
		$comment = $this->get_comment( $request['id'] );
		if ( is_wp_error( $comment ) ) {
			return $comment;
		}

		if ( ! empty( $request['context'] ) && 'edit' === $request['context'] && ! current_user_can( 'moderate_comments' ) ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'rest_forbidden_context',
				__( 'Sorry, you are not allowed to edit comments.' ),
				array( 'status' => rest_authorization_required_code() )
			);
		}

		$post = get_post( $comment->comment_post_ID );

		if ( ! $this->check_read_permission( $comment, $request ) ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'rest_cannot_read',
				__( 'Sorry, you are not allowed to read this comment.' ),
				array( 'status' => rest_authorization_required_code() )
			);
		}

		if ( $post && ! $this->check_read_post_permission( $post, $request ) ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'rest_cannot_read_post',
				__( 'Sorry, you are not allowed to read the post for this comment.' ),
				array( 'status' => rest_authorization_required_code() )
			);
		}

		return true;
	}

	/**
	 * Retrieves a comment.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 *
	 * @param WP_REST_Request $request Full details about the request.
	 * @return WP_REST_Response|WP_Error Response object on success, or error object on failure.
	 */
	public function get_item( $request ) {
		$comment = $this->get_comment( $request['id'] );
		if ( is_wp_error( $comment ) ) {
			return $comment;
		}

		$data     = $this->prepare_item_for_response( $comment, $request );
		$response = rest_ensure_response( $data );

		return $response;
	}

	/**
	 * Checks if a given request has access to create a comment.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 *
	 * @param WP_REST_Request $request Full details about the request.
	 * @return true|WP_Error True if the request has access to create items, error object otherwise.
	 */
	public function create_item_permissions_check( $request ) {
		if ( ! is_user_logged_in() ) {
			if ( get_option( 'comment_registration' ) ) {
				return new WP_Error(
					'rest_comment_login_required',
					__( 'Sorry, you must be logged in to comment.' ),
					array( 'status' => 401 )
				);
			}

			/**
			 * Filters whether comments can be created via the REST API without authentication.
			 *
			 * Enables creating comments for anonymous users.
			 *
			 * @since 4.7.0
			 *
			 * @param bool $allow_anonymous Whether to allow anonymous comments to
			 *                              be created. Default `false`.
			 * @param WP_REST_Request $request Request used to generate the
			 *                                 response.
			 */
			$allow_anonymous = apply_filters( 'rest_allow_anonymous_comments', false, $request );

			if ( ! $allow_anonymous ) {
				return new WP_Error(
					'rest_comment_login_required',
					__( 'Sorry, you must be logged in to comment.' ),
					array( 'status' => 401 )
				);
			}
		}

		// Limit who can set comment `author`, `author_ip` or `status` to anything other than the default.
		if ( isset( $request['author'] ) && get_current_user_id() !== $request['author'] && ! current_user_can( 'moderate_comments' ) ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'rest_comment_invalid_author',
				/* translators: %s: Request parameter. */
				sprintf( __( "Sorry, you are not allowed to edit '%s' for comments." ), 'author' ),
				array( 'status' => rest_authorization_required_code() )
			);
		}

		if ( isset( $request['author_ip'] ) && ! current_user_can( 'moderate_comments' ) ) {
			if ( empty( $_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR'] ) || $request['author_ip'] !== $_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR'] ) {
				return new WP_Error(
					'rest_comment_invalid_author_ip',
					/* translators: %s: Request parameter. */
					sprintf( __( "Sorry, you are not allowed to edit '%s' for comments." ), 'author_ip' ),
					array( 'status' => rest_authorization_required_code() )
				);
			}
		}

		if ( isset( $request['status'] ) && ! current_user_can( 'moderate_comments' ) ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'rest_comment_invalid_status',
				/* translators: %s: Request parameter. */
				sprintf( __( "Sorry, you are not allowed to edit '%s' for comments." ), 'status' ),
				array( 'status' => rest_authorization_required_code() )
			);
		}

		if ( empty( $request['post'] ) ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'rest_comment_invalid_post_id',
				__( 'Sorry, you are not allowed to create this comment without a post.' ),
				array( 'status' => 403 )
			);
		}

		$post = get_post( (int) $request['post'] );

		if ( ! $post ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'rest_comment_invalid_post_id',
				__( 'Sorry, you are not allowed to create this comment without a post.' ),
				array( 'status' => 403 )
			);
		}

		if ( 'draft' === $post->post_status ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'rest_comment_draft_post',
				__( 'Sorry, you are not allowed to create a comment on this post.' ),
				array( 'status' => 403 )
			);
		}

		if ( 'trash' === $post->post_status ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'rest_comment_trash_post',
				__( 'Sorry, you are not allowed to create a comment on this post.' ),
				array( 'status' => 403 )
			);
		}

		if ( ! $this->check_read_post_permission( $post, $request ) ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'rest_cannot_read_post',
				__( 'Sorry, you are not allowed to read the post for this comment.' ),
				array( 'status' => rest_authorization_required_code() )
			);
		}

		if ( ! comments_open( $post->ID ) ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'rest_comment_closed',
				__( 'Sorry, comments are closed for this item.' ),
				array( 'status' => 403 )
			);
		}

		return true;
	}

	/**
	 * Creates a comment.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 *
	 * @param WP_REST_Request $request Full details about the request.
	 * @return WP_REST_Response|WP_Error Response object on success, or error object on failure.
	 */
	public function create_item( $request ) {
		if ( ! empty( $request['id'] ) ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'rest_comment_exists',
				__( 'Cannot create existing comment.' ),
				array( 'status' => 400 )
			);
		}

		// Do not allow comments to be created with a non-default type.
		if ( ! empty( $request['type'] ) && 'comment' !== $request['type'] ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'rest_invalid_comment_type',
				__( 'Cannot create a comment with that type.' ),
				array( 'status' => 400 )
			);
		}

		$prepared_comment = $this->prepare_item_for_database( $request );
		if ( is_wp_error( $prepared_comment ) ) {
			return $prepared_comment;
		}

		$prepared_comment['comment_type'] = 'comment';

		if ( ! isset( $prepared_comment['comment_content'] ) ) {
			$prepared_comment['comment_content'] = '';
		}

		if ( ! $this->check_is_comment_content_allowed( $prepared_comment ) ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'rest_comment_content_invalid',
				__( 'Invalid comment content.' ),
				array( 'status' => 400 )
			);
		}

		// Setting remaining values before wp_insert_comment so we can use wp_allow_comment().
		if ( ! isset( $prepared_comment['comment_date_gmt'] ) ) {
			$prepared_comment['comment_date_gmt'] = current_time( 'mysql', true );
		}

		// Set author data if the user's logged in.
		$missing_author = empty( $prepared_comment['user_id'] )
			&& empty( $prepared_comment['comment_author'] )
			&& empty( $prepared_comment['comment_author_email'] )
			&& empty( $prepared_comment['comment_author_url'] );

		if ( is_user_logged_in() && $missing_author ) {
			$user = wp_get_current_user();

			$prepared_comment['user_id']              = $user->ID;
			$prepared_comment['comment_author']       = $user->display_name;
			$prepared_comment['comment_author_email'] = $user->user_email;
			$prepared_comment['comment_author_url']   = $user->user_url;
		}

		// Honor the discussion setting that requires a name and email address of the comment author.
		if ( get_option( 'require_name_email' ) ) {
			if ( empty( $prepared_comment['comment_author'] ) || empty( $prepared_comment['comment_author_email'] ) ) {
				return new WP_Error(
					'rest_comment_author_data_required',
					__( 'Creating a comment requires valid author name and email values.' ),
					array( 'status' => 400 )
				);
			}
		}

		if ( ! isset( $prepared_comment['comment_author_email'] ) ) {
			$prepared_comment['comment_author_email'] = '';
		}

		if ( ! isset( $prepared_comment['comment_author_url'] ) ) {
			$prepared_comment['comment_author_url'] = '';
		}

		if ( ! isset( $prepared_comment['comment_agent'] ) ) {
			$prepared_comment['comment_agent'] = '';
		}

		$check_comment_lengths = wp_check_comment_data_max_lengths( $prepared_comment );

		if ( is_wp_error( $check_comment_lengths ) ) {
			$error_code = $check_comment_lengths->get_error_code();
			return new WP_Error(
				$error_code,
				__( 'Comment field exceeds maximum length allowed.' ),
				array( 'status' => 400 )
			);
		}

		$prepared_comment['comment_approved'] = wp_allow_comment( $prepared_comment, true );

		if ( is_wp_error( $prepared_comment['comment_approved'] ) ) {
			$error_code    = $prepared_comment['comment_approved']->get_error_code();
			$error_message = $prepared_comment['comment_approved']->get_error_message();

			if ( 'comment_duplicate' === $error_code ) {
				return new WP_Error(
					$error_code,
					$error_message,
					array( 'status' => 409 )
				);
			}

			if ( 'comment_flood' === $error_code ) {
				return new WP_Error(
					$error_code,
					$error_message,
					array( 'status' => 400 )
				);
			}

			return $prepared_comment['comment_approved'];
		}

		/**
		 * Filters a comment before it is inserted via the REST API.
		 *
		 * Allows modification of the comment right before it is inserted via wp_insert_comment().
		 * Returning a WP_Error value from the filter will short-circuit insertion and allow
		 * skipping further processing.
		 *
		 * @since 4.7.0
		 * @since 4.8.0 `$prepared_comment` can now be a WP_Error to short-circuit insertion.
		 *
		 * @param array|WP_Error  $prepared_comment The prepared comment data for wp_insert_comment().
		 * @param WP_REST_Request $request          Request used to insert the comment.
		 */
		$prepared_comment = apply_filters( 'rest_pre_insert_comment', $prepared_comment, $request );
		if ( is_wp_error( $prepared_comment ) ) {
			return $prepared_comment;
		}

		$comment_id = wp_insert_comment( wp_filter_comment( wp_slash( (array) $prepared_comment ) ) );

		if ( ! $comment_id ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'rest_comment_failed_create',
				__( 'Creating comment failed.' ),
				array( 'status' => 500 )
			);
		}

		if ( isset( $request['status'] ) ) {
			$this->handle_status_param( $request['status'], $comment_id );
		}

		$comment = get_comment( $comment_id );

		/**
		 * Fires after a comment is created or updated via the REST API.
		 *
		 * @since 4.7.0
		 *
		 * @param WP_Comment      $comment  Inserted or updated comment object.
		 * @param WP_REST_Request $request  Request object.
		 * @param bool            $creating True when creating a comment, false
		 *                                  when updating.
		 */
		do_action( 'rest_insert_comment', $comment, $request, true );

		$schema = $this->get_item_schema();

		if ( ! empty( $schema['properties']['meta'] ) && isset( $request['meta'] ) ) {
			$meta_update = $this->meta->update_value( $request['meta'], $comment_id );

			if ( is_wp_error( $meta_update ) ) {
				return $meta_update;
			}
		}

		$fields_update = $this->update_additional_fields_for_object( $comment, $request );

		if ( is_wp_error( $fields_update ) ) {
			return $fields_update;
		}

		$context = current_user_can( 'moderate_comments' ) ? 'edit' : 'view';
		$request->set_param( 'context', $context );

		/**
		 * Fires completely after a comment is created or updated via the REST API.
		 *
		 * @since 5.0.0
		 *
		 * @param WP_Comment      $comment  Inserted or updated comment object.
		 * @param WP_REST_Request $request  Request object.
		 * @param bool            $creating True when creating a comment, false
		 *                                  when updating.
		 */
		do_action( 'rest_after_insert_comment', $comment, $request, true );

		$response = $this->prepare_item_for_response( $comment, $request );
		$response = rest_ensure_response( $response );

		$response->set_status( 201 );
		$response->header( 'Location', rest_url( sprintf( '%s/%s/%d', $this->namespace, $this->rest_base, $comment_id ) ) );

		return $response;
	}

	/**
	 * Checks if a given REST request has access to update a comment.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 *
	 * @param WP_REST_Request $request Full details about the request.
	 * @return true|WP_Error True if the request has access to update the item, error object otherwise.
	 */
	public function update_item_permissions_check( $request ) {
		$comment = $this->get_comment( $request['id'] );
		if ( is_wp_error( $comment ) ) {
			return $comment;
		}

		if ( ! $this->check_edit_permission( $comment ) ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'rest_cannot_edit',
				__( 'Sorry, you are not allowed to edit this comment.' ),
				array( 'status' => rest_authorization_required_code() )
			);
		}

		return true;
	}

	/**
	 * Updates a comment.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 *
	 * @param WP_REST_Request $request Full details about the request.
	 * @return WP_REST_Response|WP_Error Response object on success, or error object on failure.
	 */
	public function update_item( $request ) {
		$comment = $this->get_comment( $request['id'] );
		if ( is_wp_error( $comment ) ) {
			return $comment;
		}

		$id = $comment->comment_ID;

		if ( isset( $request['type'] ) && get_comment_type( $id ) !== $request['type'] ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'rest_comment_invalid_type',
				__( 'Sorry, you are not allowed to change the comment type.' ),
				array( 'status' => 404 )
			);
		}

		$prepared_args = $this->prepare_item_for_database( $request );

		if ( is_wp_error( $prepared_args ) ) {
			return $prepared_args;
		}

		if ( ! empty( $prepared_args['comment_post_ID'] ) ) {
			$post = get_post( $prepared_args['comment_post_ID'] );

			if ( empty( $post ) ) {
				return new WP_Error(
					'rest_comment_invalid_post_id',
					__( 'Invalid post ID.' ),
					array( 'status' => 403 )
				);
			}
		}

		if ( empty( $prepared_args ) && isset( $request['status'] ) ) {
			// Only the comment status is being changed.
			$change = $this->handle_status_param( $request['status'], $id );

			if ( ! $change ) {
				return new WP_Error(
					'rest_comment_failed_edit',
					__( 'Updating comment status failed.' ),
					array( 'status' => 500 )
				);
			}
		} elseif ( ! empty( $prepared_args ) ) {
			if ( is_wp_error( $prepared_args ) ) {
				return $prepared_args;
			}

			if ( isset( $prepared_args['comment_content'] ) && empty( $prepared_args['comment_content'] ) ) {
				return new WP_Error(
					'rest_comment_content_invalid',
					__( 'Invalid comment content.' ),
					array( 'status' => 400 )
				);
			}

			$prepared_args['comment_ID'] = $id;

			$check_comment_lengths = wp_check_comment_data_max_lengths( $prepared_args );

			if ( is_wp_error( $check_comment_lengths ) ) {
				$error_code = $check_comment_lengths->get_error_code();
				return new WP_Error(
					$error_code,
					__( 'Comment field exceeds maximum length allowed.' ),
					array( 'status' => 400 )
				);
			}

			$updated = wp_update_comment( wp_slash( (array) $prepared_args ), true );

			if ( is_wp_error( $updated ) ) {
				return new WP_Error(
					'rest_comment_failed_edit',
					__( 'Updating comment failed.' ),
					array( 'status' => 500 )
				);
			}

			if ( isset( $request['status'] ) ) {
				$this->handle_status_param( $request['status'], $id );
			}
		}

		$comment = get_comment( $id );

		/** This action is documented in wp-includes/rest-api/endpoints/class-wp-rest-comments-controller.php */
		do_action( 'rest_insert_comment', $comment, $request, false );

		$schema = $this->get_item_schema();

		if ( ! empty( $schema['properties']['meta'] ) && isset( $request['meta'] ) ) {
			$meta_update = $this->meta->update_value( $request['meta'], $id );

			if ( is_wp_error( $meta_update ) ) {
				return $meta_update;
			}
		}

		$fields_update = $this->update_additional_fields_for_object( $comment, $request );

		if ( is_wp_error( $fields_update ) ) {
			return $fields_update;
		}

		$request->set_param( 'context', 'edit' );

		/** This action is documented in wp-includes/rest-api/endpoints/class-wp-rest-comments-controller.php */
		do_action( 'rest_after_insert_comment', $comment, $request, false );

		$response = $this->prepare_item_for_response( $comment, $request );

		return rest_ensure_response( $response );
	}

	/**
	 * Checks if a given request has access to delete a comment.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 *
	 * @param WP_REST_Request $request Full details about the request.
	 * @return true|WP_Error True if the request has access to delete the item, error object otherwise.
	 */
	public function delete_item_permissions_check( $request ) {
		$comment = $this->get_comment( $request['id'] );
		if ( is_wp_error( $comment ) ) {
			return $comment;
		}

		if ( ! $this->check_edit_permission( $comment ) ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'rest_cannot_delete',
				__( 'Sorry, you are not allowed to delete this comment.' ),
				array( 'status' => rest_authorization_required_code() )
			);
		}
		return true;
	}

	/**
	 * Deletes a comment.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 *
	 * @param WP_REST_Request $request Full details about the request.
	 * @return WP_REST_Response|WP_Error Response object on success, or error object on failure.
	 */
	public function delete_item( $request ) {
		$comment = $this->get_comment( $request['id'] );
		if ( is_wp_error( $comment ) ) {
			return $comment;
		}

		$force = isset( $request['force'] ) ? (bool) $request['force'] : false;

		/**
		 * Filters whether a comment can be trashed via the REST API.
		 *
		 * Return false to disable trash support for the comment.
		 *
		 * @since 4.7.0
		 *
		 * @param bool       $supports_trash Whether the comment supports trashing.
		 * @param WP_Comment $comment        The comment object being considered for trashing support.
		 */
		$supports_trash = apply_filters( 'rest_comment_trashable', ( EMPTY_TRASH_DAYS > 0 ), $comment );

		$request->set_param( 'context', 'edit' );

		if ( $force ) {
			$previous = $this->prepare_item_for_response( $comment, $request );
			$result   = wp_delete_comment( $comment->comment_ID, true );
			$response = new WP_REST_Response();
			$response->set_data(
				array(
					'deleted'  => true,
					'previous' => $previous->get_data(),
				)
			);
		} else {
			// If this type doesn't support trashing, error out.
			if ( ! $supports_trash ) {
				return new WP_Error(
					'rest_trash_not_supported',
					/* translators: %s: force=true */
					sprintf( __( "The comment does not support trashing. Set '%s' to delete." ), 'force=true' ),
					array( 'status' => 501 )
				);
			}

			if ( 'trash' === $comment->comment_approved ) {
				return new WP_Error(
					'rest_already_trashed',
					__( 'The comment has already been trashed.' ),
					array( 'status' => 410 )
				);
			}

			$result   = wp_trash_comment( $comment->comment_ID );
			$comment  = get_comment( $comment->comment_ID );
			$response = $this->prepare_item_for_response( $comment, $request );
		}

		if ( ! $result ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'rest_cannot_delete',
				__( 'The comment cannot be deleted.' ),
				array( 'status' => 500 )
			);
		}

		/**
		 * Fires after a comment is deleted via the REST API.
		 *
		 * @since 4.7.0
		 *
		 * @param WP_Comment       $comment  The deleted comment data.
		 * @param WP_REST_Response $response The response returned from the API.
		 * @param WP_REST_Request  $request  The request sent to the API.
		 */
		do_action( 'rest_delete_comment', $comment, $response, $request );

		return $response;
	}

	/**
	 * Prepares a single comment output for response.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 * @since 5.9.0 Renamed `$comment` to `$item` to match parent class for PHP 8 named parameter support.
	 *
	 * @param WP_Comment      $item    Comment object.
	 * @param WP_REST_Request $request Request object.
	 * @return WP_REST_Response Response object.
	 */
	public function prepare_item_for_response( $item, $request ) {
		// Restores the more descriptive, specific name for use within this method.
		$comment = $item;

		$fields = $this->get_fields_for_response( $request );
		$data   = array();

		if ( in_array( 'id', $fields, true ) ) {
			$data['id'] = (int) $comment->comment_ID;
		}

		if ( in_array( 'post', $fields, true ) ) {
			$data['post'] = (int) $comment->comment_post_ID;
		}

		if ( in_array( 'parent', $fields, true ) ) {
			$data['parent'] = (int) $comment->comment_parent;
		}

		if ( in_array( 'author', $fields, true ) ) {
			$data['author'] = (int) $comment->user_id;
		}

		if ( in_array( 'author_name', $fields, true ) ) {
			$data['author_name'] = $comment->comment_author;
		}

		if ( in_array( 'author_email', $fields, true ) ) {
			$data['author_email'] = $comment->comment_author_email;
		}

		if ( in_array( 'author_url', $fields, true ) ) {
			$data['author_url'] = $comment->comment_author_url;
		}

		if ( in_array( 'author_ip', $fields, true ) ) {
			$data['author_ip'] = $comment->comment_author_IP;
		}

		if ( in_array( 'author_user_agent', $fields, true ) ) {
			$data['author_user_agent'] = $comment->comment_agent;
		}

		if ( in_array( 'date', $fields, true ) ) {
			$data['date'] = mysql_to_rfc3339( $comment->comment_date );
		}

		if ( in_array( 'date_gmt', $fields, true ) ) {
			$data['date_gmt'] = mysql_to_rfc3339( $comment->comment_date_gmt );
		}

		if ( in_array( 'content', $fields, true ) ) {
			$data['content'] = array(
				/** This filter is documented in wp-includes/comment-template.php */
				'rendered' => apply_filters( 'comment_text', $comment->comment_content, $comment, array() ),
				'raw'      => $comment->comment_content,
			);
		}

		if ( in_array( 'link', $fields, true ) ) {
			$data['link'] = get_comment_link( $comment );
		}

		if ( in_array( 'status', $fields, true ) ) {
			$data['status'] = $this->prepare_status_response( $comment->comment_approved );
		}

		if ( in_array( 'type', $fields, true ) ) {
			$data['type'] = get_comment_type( $comment->comment_ID );
		}

		if ( in_array( 'author_avatar_urls', $fields, true ) ) {
			$data['author_avatar_urls'] = rest_get_avatar_urls( $comment );
		}

		if ( in_array( 'meta', $fields, true ) ) {
			$data['meta'] = $this->meta->get_value( $comment->comment_ID, $request );
		}

		$context = ! empty( $request['context'] ) ? $request['context'] : 'view';
		$data    = $this->add_additional_fields_to_object( $data, $request );
		$data    = $this->filter_response_by_context( $data, $context );

		// Wrap the data in a response object.
		$response = rest_ensure_response( $data );

		if ( rest_is_field_included( '_links', $fields ) || rest_is_field_included( '_embedded', $fields ) ) {
			$response->add_links( $this->prepare_links( $comment ) );
		}

		/**
		 * Filters a comment returned from the REST API.
		 *
		 * Allows modification of the comment right before it is returned.
		 *
		 * @since 4.7.0
		 *
		 * @param WP_REST_Response  $response The response object.
		 * @param WP_Comment        $comment  The original comment object.
		 * @param WP_REST_Request   $request  Request used to generate the response.
		 */
		return apply_filters( 'rest_prepare_comment', $response, $comment, $request );
	}

	/**
	 * Prepares links for the request.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 *
	 * @param WP_Comment $comment Comment object.
	 * @return array Links for the given comment.
	 */
	protected function prepare_links( $comment ) {
		$links = array(
			'self'       => array(
				'href' => rest_url( sprintf( '%s/%s/%d', $this->namespace, $this->rest_base, $comment->comment_ID ) ),
			),
			'collection' => array(
				'href' => rest_url( sprintf( '%s/%s', $this->namespace, $this->rest_base ) ),
			),
		);

		if ( 0 !== (int) $comment->user_id ) {
			$links['author'] = array(
				'href'       => rest_url( 'wp/v2/users/' . $comment->user_id ),
				'embeddable' => true,
			);
		}

		if ( 0 !== (int) $comment->comment_post_ID ) {
			$post       = get_post( $comment->comment_post_ID );
			$post_route = rest_get_route_for_post( $post );

			if ( ! empty( $post->ID ) && $post_route ) {
				$links['up'] = array(
					'href'       => rest_url( $post_route ),
					'embeddable' => true,
					'post_type'  => $post->post_type,
				);
			}
		}

		if ( 0 !== (int) $comment->comment_parent ) {
			$links['in-reply-to'] = array(
				'href'       => rest_url( sprintf( '%s/%s/%d', $this->namespace, $this->rest_base, $comment->comment_parent ) ),
				'embeddable' => true,
			);
		}

		// Only grab one comment to verify the comment has children.
		$comment_children = $comment->get_children(
			array(
				'count'   => true,
				'orderby' => 'none',
			)
		);

		if ( ! empty( $comment_children ) ) {
			$args = array(
				'parent' => $comment->comment_ID,
			);

			$rest_url = add_query_arg( $args, rest_url( $this->namespace . '/' . $this->rest_base ) );

			$links['children'] = array(
				'href'       => $rest_url,
				'embeddable' => true,
			);
		}

		return $links;
	}

	/**
	 * Prepends internal property prefix to query parameters to match our response fields.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 *
	 * @param string $query_param Query parameter.
	 * @return string The normalized query parameter.
	 */
	protected function normalize_query_param( $query_param ) {
		$prefix = 'comment_';

		switch ( $query_param ) {
			case 'id':
				$normalized = $prefix . 'ID';
				break;
			case 'post':
				$normalized = $prefix . 'post_ID';
				break;
			case 'parent':
				$normalized = $prefix . 'parent';
				break;
			case 'include':
				$normalized = 'comment__in';
				break;
			default:
				$normalized = $prefix . $query_param;
				break;
		}

		return $normalized;
	}

	/**
	 * Checks comment_approved to set comment status for single comment output.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 *
	 * @param string|int $comment_approved comment status.
	 * @return string Comment status.
	 */
	protected function prepare_status_response( $comment_approved ) {

		switch ( $comment_approved ) {
			case 'hold':
			case '0':
				$status = 'hold';
				break;

			case 'approve':
			case '1':
				$status = 'approved';
				break;

			case 'spam':
			case 'trash':
			default:
				$status = $comment_approved;
				break;
		}

		return $status;
	}

	/**
	 * Prepares a single comment to be inserted into the database.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 *
	 * @param WP_REST_Request $request Request object.
	 * @return array|WP_Error Prepared comment, otherwise WP_Error object.
	 */
	protected function prepare_item_for_database( $request ) {
		$prepared_comment = array();

		/*
		 * Allow the comment_content to be set via the 'content' or
		 * the 'content.raw' properties of the Request object.
		 */
		if ( isset( $request['content'] ) && is_string( $request['content'] ) ) {
			$prepared_comment['comment_content'] = trim( $request['content'] );
		} elseif ( isset( $request['content']['raw'] ) && is_string( $request['content']['raw'] ) ) {
			$prepared_comment['comment_content'] = trim( $request['content']['raw'] );
		}

		if ( isset( $request['post'] ) ) {
			$prepared_comment['comment_post_ID'] = (int) $request['post'];
		}

		if ( isset( $request['parent'] ) ) {
			$prepared_comment['comment_parent'] = $request['parent'];
		}

		if ( isset( $request['author'] ) ) {
			$user = new WP_User( $request['author'] );

			if ( $user->exists() ) {
				$prepared_comment['user_id']              = $user->ID;
				$prepared_comment['comment_author']       = $user->display_name;
				$prepared_comment['comment_author_email'] = $user->user_email;
				$prepared_comment['comment_author_url']   = $user->user_url;
			} else {
				return new WP_Error(
					'rest_comment_author_invalid',
					__( 'Invalid comment author ID.' ),
					array( 'status' => 400 )
				);
			}
		}

		if ( isset( $request['author_name'] ) ) {
			$prepared_comment['comment_author'] = $request['author_name'];
		}

		if ( isset( $request['author_email'] ) ) {
			$prepared_comment['comment_author_email'] = $request['author_email'];
		}

		if ( isset( $request['author_url'] ) ) {
			$prepared_comment['comment_author_url'] = $request['author_url'];
		}

		if ( isset( $request['author_ip'] ) && current_user_can( 'moderate_comments' ) ) {
			$prepared_comment['comment_author_IP'] = $request['author_ip'];
		} elseif ( ! empty( $_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR'] ) && rest_is_ip_address( $_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR'] ) ) {
			$prepared_comment['comment_author_IP'] = $_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR'];
		} else {
			$prepared_comment['comment_author_IP'] = '127.0.0.1';
		}

		if ( ! empty( $request['author_user_agent'] ) ) {
			$prepared_comment['comment_agent'] = $request['author_user_agent'];
		} elseif ( $request->get_header( 'user_agent' ) ) {
			$prepared_comment['comment_agent'] = $request->get_header( 'user_agent' );
		}

		if ( ! empty( $request['date'] ) ) {
			$date_data = rest_get_date_with_gmt( $request['date'] );

			if ( ! empty( $date_data ) ) {
				list( $prepared_comment['comment_date'], $prepared_comment['comment_date_gmt'] ) = $date_data;
			}
		} elseif ( ! empty( $request['date_gmt'] ) ) {
			$date_data = rest_get_date_with_gmt( $request['date_gmt'], true );

			if ( ! empty( $date_data ) ) {
				list( $prepared_comment['comment_date'], $prepared_comment['comment_date_gmt'] ) = $date_data;
			}
		}

		/**
		 * Filters a comment added via the REST API after it is prepared for insertion into the database.
		 *
		 * Allows modification of the comment right after it is prepared for the database.
		 *
		 * @since 4.7.0
		 *
		 * @param array           $prepared_comment The prepared comment data for `wp_insert_comment`.
		 * @param WP_REST_Request $request          The current request.
		 */
		return apply_filters( 'rest_preprocess_comment', $prepared_comment, $request );
	}

	/**
	 * Retrieves the comment's schema, conforming to JSON Schema.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 *
	 * @return array
	 */
	public function get_item_schema() {
		if ( $this->schema ) {
			return $this->add_additional_fields_schema( $this->schema );
		}

		$schema = array(
			'$schema'    => 'http://json-schema.org/draft-04/schema#',
			'title'      => 'comment',
			'type'       => 'object',
			'properties' => array(
				'id'                => array(
					'description' => __( 'Unique identifier for the comment.' ),
					'type'        => 'integer',
					'context'     => array( 'view', 'edit', 'embed' ),
					'readonly'    => true,
				),
				'author'            => array(
					'description' => __( 'The ID of the user object, if author was a user.' ),
					'type'        => 'integer',
					'context'     => array( 'view', 'edit', 'embed' ),
				),
				'author_email'      => array(
					'description' => __( 'Email address for the comment author.' ),
					'type'        => 'string',
					'format'      => 'email',
					'context'     => array( 'edit' ),
					'arg_options' => array(
						'sanitize_callback' => array( $this, 'check_comment_author_email' ),
						'validate_callback' => null, // Skip built-in validation of 'email'.
					),
				),
				'author_ip'         => array(
					'description' => __( 'IP address for the comment author.' ),
					'type'        => 'string',
					'format'      => 'ip',
					'context'     => array( 'edit' ),
				),
				'author_name'       => array(
					'description' => __( 'Display name for the comment author.' ),
					'type'        => 'string',
					'context'     => array( 'view', 'edit', 'embed' ),
					'arg_options' => array(
						'sanitize_callback' => 'sanitize_text_field',
					),
				),
				'author_url'        => array(
					'description' => __( 'URL for the comment author.' ),
					'type'        => 'string',
					'format'      => 'uri',
					'context'     => array( 'view', 'edit', 'embed' ),
				),
				'author_user_agent' => array(
					'description' => __( 'User agent for the comment author.' ),
					'type'        => 'string',
					'context'     => array( 'edit' ),
					'arg_options' => array(
						'sanitize_callback' => 'sanitize_text_field',
					),
				),
				'content'           => array(
					'description' => __( 'The content for the comment.' ),
					'type'        => 'object',
					'context'     => array( 'view', 'edit', 'embed' ),
					'arg_options' => array(
						'sanitize_callback' => null, // Note: sanitization implemented in self::prepare_item_for_database().
						'validate_callback' => null, // Note: validation implemented in self::prepare_item_for_database().
					),
					'properties'  => array(
						'raw'      => array(
							'description' => __( 'Content for the comment, as it exists in the database.' ),
							'type'        => 'string',
							'context'     => array( 'edit' ),
						),
						'rendered' => array(
							'description' => __( 'HTML content for the comment, transformed for display.' ),
							'type'        => 'string',
							'context'     => array( 'view', 'edit', 'embed' ),
							'readonly'    => true,
						),
					),
				),
				'date'              => array(
					'description' => __( "The date the comment was published, in the site's timezone." ),
					'type'        => 'string',
					'format'      => 'date-time',
					'context'     => array( 'view', 'edit', 'embed' ),
				),
				'date_gmt'          => array(
					'description' => __( 'The date the comment was published, as GMT.' ),
					'type'        => 'string',
					'format'      => 'date-time',
					'context'     => array( 'view', 'edit' ),
				),
				'link'              => array(
					'description' => __( 'URL to the comment.' ),
					'type'        => 'string',
					'format'      => 'uri',
					'context'     => array( 'view', 'edit', 'embed' ),
					'readonly'    => true,
				),
				'parent'            => array(
					'description' => __( 'The ID for the parent of the comment.' ),
					'type'        => 'integer',
					'context'     => array( 'view', 'edit', 'embed' ),
					'default'     => 0,
				),
				'post'              => array(
					'description' => __( 'The ID of the associated post object.' ),
					'type'        => 'integer',
					'context'     => array( 'view', 'edit' ),
					'default'     => 0,
				),
				'status'            => array(
					'description' => __( 'State of the comment.' ),
					'type'        => 'string',
					'context'     => array( 'view', 'edit' ),
					'arg_options' => array(
						'sanitize_callback' => 'sanitize_key',
					),
				),
				'type'              => array(
					'description' => __( 'Type of the comment.' ),
					'type'        => 'string',
					'context'     => array( 'view', 'edit', 'embed' ),
					'readonly'    => true,
				),
			),
		);

		if ( get_option( 'show_avatars' ) ) {
			$avatar_properties = array();

			$avatar_sizes = rest_get_avatar_sizes();

			foreach ( $avatar_sizes as $size ) {
				$avatar_properties[ $size ] = array(
					/* translators: %d: Avatar image size in pixels. */
					'description' => sprintf( __( 'Avatar URL with image size of %d pixels.' ), $size ),
					'type'        => 'string',
					'format'      => 'uri',
					'context'     => array( 'embed', 'view', 'edit' ),
				);
			}

			$schema['properties']['author_avatar_urls'] = array(
				'description' => __( 'Avatar URLs for the comment author.' ),
				'type'        => 'object',
				'context'     => array( 'view', 'edit', 'embed' ),
				'readonly'    => true,
				'properties'  => $avatar_properties,
			);
		}

		$schema['properties']['meta'] = $this->meta->get_field_schema();

		$this->schema = $schema;

		return $this->add_additional_fields_schema( $this->schema );
	}

	/**
	 * Retrieves the query params for collections.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 *
	 * @return array Comments collection parameters.
	 */
	public function get_collection_params() {
		$query_params = parent::get_collection_params();

		$query_params['context']['default'] = 'view';

		$query_params['after'] = array(
			'description' => __( 'Limit response to comments published after a given ISO8601 compliant date.' ),
			'type'        => 'string',
			'format'      => 'date-time',
		);

		$query_params['author'] = array(
			'description' => __( 'Limit result set to comments assigned to specific user IDs. Requires authorization.' ),
			'type'        => 'array',
			'items'       => array(
				'type' => 'integer',
			),
		);

		$query_params['author_exclude'] = array(
			'description' => __( 'Ensure result set excludes comments assigned to specific user IDs. Requires authorization.' ),
			'type'        => 'array',
			'items'       => array(
				'type' => 'integer',
			),
		);

		$query_params['author_email'] = array(
			'default'     => null,
			'description' => __( 'Limit result set to that from a specific author email. Requires authorization.' ),
			'format'      => 'email',
			'type'        => 'string',
		);

		$query_params['before'] = array(
			'description' => __( 'Limit response to comments published before a given ISO8601 compliant date.' ),
			'type'        => 'string',
			'format'      => 'date-time',
		);

		$query_params['exclude'] = array(
			'description' => __( 'Ensure result set excludes specific IDs.' ),
			'type'        => 'array',
			'items'       => array(
				'type' => 'integer',
			),
			'default'     => array(),
		);

		$query_params['include'] = array(
			'description' => __( 'Limit result set to specific IDs.' ),
			'type'        => 'array',
			'items'       => array(
				'type' => 'integer',
			),
			'default'     => array(),
		);

		$query_params['offset'] = array(
			'description' => __( 'Offset the result set by a specific number of items.' ),
			'type'        => 'integer',
		);

		$query_params['order'] = array(
			'description' => __( 'Order sort attribute ascending or descending.' ),
			'type'        => 'string',
			'default'     => 'desc',
			'enum'        => array(
				'asc',
				'desc',
			),
		);

		$query_params['orderby'] = array(
			'description' => __( 'Sort collection by comment attribute.' ),
			'type'        => 'string',
			'default'     => 'date_gmt',
			'enum'        => array(
				'date',
				'date_gmt',
				'id',
				'include',
				'post',
				'parent',
				'type',
			),
		);

		$query_params['parent'] = array(
			'default'     => array(),
			'description' => __( 'Limit result set to comments of specific parent IDs.' ),
			'type'        => 'array',
			'items'       => array(
				'type' => 'integer',
			),
		);

		$query_params['parent_exclude'] = array(
			'default'     => array(),
			'description' => __( 'Ensure result set excludes specific parent IDs.' ),
			'type'        => 'array',
			'items'       => array(
				'type' => 'integer',
			),
		);

		$query_params['post'] = array(
			'default'     => array(),
			'description' => __( 'Limit result set to comments assigned to specific post IDs.' ),
			'type'        => 'array',
			'items'       => array(
				'type' => 'integer',
			),
		);

		$query_params['status'] = array(
			'default'           => 'approve',
			'description'       => __( 'Limit result set to comments assigned a specific status. Requires authorization.' ),
			'sanitize_callback' => 'sanitize_key',
			'type'              => 'string',
			'validate_callback' => 'rest_validate_request_arg',
		);

		$query_params['type'] = array(
			'default'           => 'comment',
			'description'       => __( 'Limit result set to comments assigned a specific type. Requires authorization.' ),
			'sanitize_callback' => 'sanitize_key',
			'type'              => 'string',
			'validate_callback' => 'rest_validate_request_arg',
		);

		$query_params['password'] = array(
			'description' => __( 'The password for the post if it is password protected.' ),
			'type'        => 'string',
		);

		/**
		 * Filters REST API collection parameters for the comments controller.
		 *
		 * This filter registers the collection parameter, but does not map the
		 * collection parameter to an internal WP_Comment_Query parameter. Use the
		 * `rest_comment_query` filter to set WP_Comment_Query parameters.
		 *
		 * @since 4.7.0
		 *
		 * @param array $query_params JSON Schema-formatted collection parameters.
		 */
		return apply_filters( 'rest_comment_collection_params', $query_params );
	}

	/**
	 * Sets the comment_status of a given comment object when creating or updating a comment.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 *
	 * @param string|int $new_status New comment status.
	 * @param int        $comment_id Comment ID.
	 * @return bool Whether the status was changed.
	 */
	protected function handle_status_param( $new_status, $comment_id ) {
		$old_status = wp_get_comment_status( $comment_id );

		if ( $new_status === $old_status ) {
			return false;
		}

		switch ( $new_status ) {
			case 'approved':
			case 'approve':
			case '1':
				$changed = wp_set_comment_status( $comment_id, 'approve' );
				break;
			case 'hold':
			case '0':
				$changed = wp_set_comment_status( $comment_id, 'hold' );
				break;
			case 'spam':
				$changed = wp_spam_comment( $comment_id );
				break;
			case 'unspam':
				$changed = wp_unspam_comment( $comment_id );
				break;
			case 'trash':
				$changed = wp_trash_comment( $comment_id );
				break;
			case 'untrash':
				$changed = wp_untrash_comment( $comment_id );
				break;
			default:
				$changed = false;
				break;
		}

		return $changed;
	}

	/**
	 * Checks if the post can be read.
	 *
	 * Correctly handles posts with the inherit status.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 *
	 * @param WP_Post         $post    Post object.
	 * @param WP_REST_Request $request Request data to check.
	 * @return bool Whether post can be read.
	 */
	protected function check_read_post_permission( $post, $request ) {
		$post_type = get_post_type_object( $post->post_type );

		// Return false if custom post type doesn't exist
		if ( ! $post_type ) {
			return false;
		}

		$posts_controller = $post_type->get_rest_controller();

		/*
		 * Ensure the posts controller is specifically a WP_REST_Posts_Controller instance
		 * before using methods specific to that controller.
		 */
		if ( ! $posts_controller instanceof WP_REST_Posts_Controller ) {
			$posts_controller = new WP_REST_Posts_Controller( $post->post_type );
		}

		$has_password_filter = false;

		// Only check password if a specific post was queried for or a single comment
		$requested_post    = ! empty( $request['post'] ) && ( ! is_array( $request['post'] ) || 1 === count( $request['post'] ) );
		$requested_comment = ! empty( $request['id'] );
		if ( ( $requested_post || $requested_comment ) && $posts_controller->can_access_password_content( $post, $request ) ) {
			add_filter( 'post_password_required', '__return_false' );

			$has_password_filter = true;
		}

		if ( post_password_required( $post ) ) {
			$result = current_user_can( 'edit_post', $post->ID );
		} else {
			$result = $posts_controller->check_read_permission( $post );
		}

		if ( $has_password_filter ) {
			remove_filter( 'post_password_required', '__return_false' );
		}

		return $result;
	}

	/**
	 * Checks if the comment can be read.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 *
	 * @param WP_Comment      $comment Comment object.
	 * @param WP_REST_Request $request Request data to check.
	 * @return bool Whether the comment can be read.
	 */
	protected function check_read_permission( $comment, $request ) {
		if ( ! empty( $comment->comment_post_ID ) ) {
			$post = get_post( $comment->comment_post_ID );
			if ( $post ) {
				if ( $this->check_read_post_permission( $post, $request ) && 1 === (int) $comment->comment_approved ) {
					return true;
				}
			}
		}

		if ( 0 === get_current_user_id() ) {
			return false;
		}

		if ( empty( $comment->comment_post_ID ) && ! current_user_can( 'moderate_comments' ) ) {
			return false;
		}

		if ( ! empty( $comment->user_id ) && get_current_user_id() === (int) $comment->user_id ) {
			return true;
		}

		return current_user_can( 'edit_comment', $comment->comment_ID );
	}

	/**
	 * Checks if a comment can be edited or deleted.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 *
	 * @param WP_Comment $comment Comment object.
	 * @return bool Whether the comment can be edited or deleted.
	 */
	protected function check_edit_permission( $comment ) {
		if ( 0 === (int) get_current_user_id() ) {
			return false;
		}

		if ( current_user_can( 'moderate_comments' ) ) {
			return true;
		}

		return current_user_can( 'edit_comment', $comment->comment_ID );
	}

	/**
	 * Checks a comment author email for validity.
	 *
	 * Accepts either a valid email address or empty string as a valid comment
	 * author email address. Setting the comment author email to an empty
	 * string is allowed when a comment is being updated.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 *
	 * @param string          $value   Author email value submitted.
	 * @param WP_REST_Request $request Full details about the request.
	 * @param string          $param   The parameter name.
	 * @return string|WP_Error The sanitized email address, if valid,
	 *                         otherwise an error.
	 */
	public function check_comment_author_email( $value, $request, $param ) {
		$email = (string) $value;
		if ( empty( $email ) ) {
			return $email;
		}

		$check_email = rest_validate_request_arg( $email, $request, $param );
		if ( is_wp_error( $check_email ) ) {
			return $check_email;
		}

		return $email;
	}

	/**
	 * If empty comments are not allowed, checks if the provided comment content is not empty.
	 *
	 * @since 5.6.0
	 *
	 * @param array $prepared_comment The prepared comment data.
	 * @return bool True if the content is allowed, false otherwise.
	 */
	protected function check_is_comment_content_allowed( $prepared_comment ) {
		$check = wp_parse_args(
			$prepared_comment,
			array(
				'comment_post_ID'      => 0,
				'comment_author'       => null,
				'comment_author_email' => null,
				'comment_author_url'   => null,
				'comment_parent'       => 0,
				'user_id'              => 0,
			)
		);

		/** This filter is documented in wp-includes/comment.php */
		$allow_empty = apply_filters( 'allow_empty_comment', false, $check );

		if ( $allow_empty ) {
			return true;
		}

		/*
		 * Do not allow a comment to be created with missing or empty
		 * comment_content. See wp_handle_comment_submission().
		 */
		return '' !== $check['comment_content'];
	}
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				<h1 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline">Medieval_power_dynamics_explored_through_the_iconic_chorus_of_o_fortuna_and_Carl</h1>		<div class="entry-meta">
			<span class="posted-on"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2026-06-27T14:01:50+00:00" itemprop="datePublished">June 27, 2026</time></span> <span class="byline">by <span class="author vcard" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" itemscope><a class="url fn n" href="https://eluxhire.co.uk/author/admin/" title="View all posts by admin" rel="author" itemprop="url"><span class="author-name" itemprop="name">admin</span></a></span></span> 		</div>
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<p class="toctitle" style="font-weight: 700; text-align: center">
<ul class="toc_list">
<li><a href="#t1">Medieval power dynamics explored through the iconic chorus of o fortuna and Carl Orffs visionary work</a></li>
<li><a href="#t2">The Social Hierarchy and the Goliards’ Rebellion</a></li>
<li><a href="#t3">The Manuscript Tradition and the Rediscovery of Carmina Burana</a></li>
<li><a href="#t4">The Power of Chorality and Dramatic Presentation</a></li>
<li><a href="#t5">The Influence of Ancient Greek Drama</a></li>
<li><a href="#t6">The Contemporary Relevance of “o fortuna”</a></li>
<li><a href="#t7">Applications in Modern Media and Pop Culture</a></li>
<li><a href="#t8">Beyond the Chorus: Exploring the Full Carmina Burana Cycle</a></li>
</ul>
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<h1 id="t1">Medieval power dynamics explored through the iconic chorus of o fortuna and Carl Orffs visionary work</h1>
<p>The haunting chorus of “<a href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=gbcorp.c148.fortuna.game" target="_blank" rel="noopener">o fortuna</a>” is instantly recognizable, even to those unfamiliar with the full scope of Carl Orff’s <em>Carmina Burana</em>.  It’s a musical expression of fate, a lament on the capricious nature of fortune, and a powerful depiction of the medieval worldview. However, to truly understand the piece – and its enduring appeal – one must delve into the historical context that birthed it.  The verses upon which <em>Carmina Burana</em> is based originate from a collection of 13th-century poems and dramatic texts, written primarily by the <em>Goliards</em> – wandering scholars and clerics known for their irreverent and often satirical commentaries on society, politics, and the Church. The music, composed in the 20th century, taps into a primal resonance with themes that remain strikingly relevant today.</p>
<p>Orff&#39;s genius isn’t merely in the melodic structure, though undeniably compelling, but in how he captured the raw emotional energy of the medieval period. He wasn’t aiming for historical accuracy in the strictest sense, but rather sought to evoke the feeling of that era – its anxieties, its joys, and its precarity.  The overwhelming sense of powerlessness in the face of destiny, so vividly portrayed in “o fortuna,” underscores the core anxieties of a society grappling with religious dogma, political instability and widespread hardship. It’s a work that continues to resonate because it speaks to universal human experiences of loss, hope, and the relentless passage of time. The primal energy within the piece generates profound reactions even now, long after its premiere.</p>
<h2 id="t2">The Social Hierarchy and the Goliards’ Rebellion</h2>
<p>Medieval society was rigidly hierarchical, with power concentrated in the hands of the nobility and the Church.  The vast majority of the population – peasants and serfs – had little to no say in their own lives, subject to the whims of their lords and the dictates of religious authority.  This inherent inequality fostered a climate of resentment and rebellion, often expressed through covert means. The <em>Goliards</em>, occupying a unique social position as educated yet marginalized figures, became a voice for dissent. They walked the line between the established order and the fringes of society, using their wit and verse to critique the abuses of power and the hypocrisy of the elite. Their writings weren’t overtly revolutionary in the modern sense, but they represented a subtle yet significant challenge to the status quo.</p>
<p>The <em>Goliards</em> themselves were a diverse group. Many were students who found themselves excluded from traditional academic circles, or clerics who questioned the practices of the Church.  They traveled from town to town, seeking patronage and performing their works in taverns, marketplaces, and even royal courts. This itinerant lifestyle allowed them to observe the realities of medieval life firsthand, and to incorporate their observations into their poetry.  Their work addressed a wide range of themes, including love, lust, food, drink, and, of course, the failings of those in power. The mocking tone of their poetry was frequently employed as a means of social commentary, allowing them to criticize those higher up in the hierarchy without open defiance.</p>
<h3 id="t3">The Manuscript Tradition and the Rediscovery of <em>Carmina Burana</em></h3>
<p>The <em>Carmina Burana</em> manuscript itself – a collection of over 250 poems and dramatic texts – wasn&#39;t rediscovered until the 19th century. It remained largely forgotten for centuries, hidden away in the Bavarian State Library. The manuscript’s physical condition further obscured its contents.  Its rediscovery by Johann Andreas Schmeller in 1803 ignited scholarly interest, but it wasn’t until the 20th century that the verses truly came to life through Carl Orff’s musical interpretation.  The sheer variety of material within the manuscript highlights the breadth of the <em>Goliards’</em> concerns, ranging from lighthearted love songs to scathing social satire.  The very act of preserving these texts serves as a testament to the enduring power of poetry and the importance of preserving cultural heritage.</p>
<p>The initial scholarly work on the manuscript focused heavily on its linguistic and historical aspects. But it was Orff’s approach, prioritizing emotional impact over strict academic accuracy, that really captured the public imagination. He selected a relatively small number of poems from the larger collection, focusing on those that best lent themselves to a dramatic and theatrical presentation. He consciously sought to create an experience that would be both visceral and intellectually stimulating. The very act of choosing and framing these texts reveals much about Orff’s own artistic vision and his understanding of the material.</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Theme</th>
<th>Medieval Context</th>
<th>Orff’s Interpretation</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Fate &amp; Fortune</td>
<td>Belief in predestination, powerlessness against destiny.</td>
<td>Dramatic, overwhelming musical expression of helplessness.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Social Hierarchy</td>
<td>Rigid class structure, abuse of power by nobility &amp; clergy.</td>
<td>Satirical undertones, critique of authority (implicit).</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Human Desire</td>
<td>Conflict between spiritual devotion and earthly pleasures.</td>
<td>Celebration of sensual experience, often bordering on the irreverent.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Mortality</td>
<td>Constant awareness of death, fragility of life.</td>
<td>Mournful, contemplative passages reflecting on the brevity of existence.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>The table above shows the key themes that link the medieval context to Orffs interpretation. Orff didn’t just set these poems to music; he reinterpreted them for a modern audience, amplifying their emotional resonance and highlighting their relevance to contemporary concerns. His understanding of the historical context allowed him to create a work that feels simultaneously ancient and remarkably fresh.</p>
<h2 id="t4">The Power of Chorality and Dramatic Presentation</h2>
<p>Orff’s use of chorality is central to the impact of <em>Carmina Burana</em>.  The chorus isn’t simply a backdrop for solo voices; it’s an active participant in the drama, representing the collective voice of society, fate, or even the divine. The sheer size and power of the chorus – often numbering over 100 singers – create a sense of overwhelming force, mirroring the themes of destiny and inevitability that permeate the work.  The rhythmic intensity of the choral passages, driven by powerful percussion, further amplifies this effect. The experience of hearing these voices rise and fall is a truly visceral one, evoking a primal response in the listener. This decision to emphasize the choral aspect was a deliberate stylistic choice, rooted in Orff’s fascination with ancient Greek drama and ritual.</p>
<p>Beyond the musical elements, the dramatic presentation of <em>Carmina Burana</em> plays a crucial role in its impact. Orff conceived of the work as a <em>scena cantata</em> – a staged cantata – and envisioned a theatrical performance that would incorporate dance, costumes, and dramatic lighting.  The visual spectacle is intended to complement and enhance the emotional power of the music. This theatrical element is not just an aesthetic addition; it’s integral to Orff’s vision for the work, fundamentally changing how the audience experiences the verses. He wanted to create an immersive experience, drawing the audience into the medieval world and allowing them to feel the weight of its anxieties and its desires.</p>
<h3 id="t5">The Influence of Ancient Greek Drama</h3>
<p>Orff was deeply influenced by ancient Greek drama, and this influence is clearly evident in <em>Carmina Burana</em>. He admired the Greeks’ use of the chorus, their emphasis on ritual and spectacle, and their exploration of fundamental human themes. He saw the <em>Carmina Burana</em> manuscript as an opportunity to create a modern equivalent of a Greek tragedy, albeit one rooted in a different cultural context. The theatrical elements of the production – the costumes, the staging, the lighting – were all inspired by ancient Greek theatrical traditions, adapted to a 20th-century aesthetic. The power of ancient Greek theatre lies in its direct emotional impact; Orff explicitly intended to recreate this experience with <em>Carmina Burana</em>.</p>
<p>He wasn&#39;t striving for historical reconstruction, but rather for a sense of timelessness. By drawing on the traditions of ancient Greece, he aimed to create a work that transcended its specific historical context and spoke to universal human concerns. This approach explains why <em>Carmina Burana</em> continues to resonate with audiences today, despite being rooted in the medieval period.  The use of simple, repetitive musical motifs and the emphasis on rhythmic intensity also reflect the influence of ancient Greek musical forms. He created a hypnotic effect that engages the senses and draws the listener into the emotional world of the piece.</p>
<ul>
<li>The use of a large chorus to represent collective forces.</li>
<li>The incorporation of dance and dramatic staging.</li>
<li>The exploration of universal themes of fate, love, and mortality.</li>
<li>The rhythmic intensity and repetitive musical motifs.</li>
<li>The emphasis on visceral emotional impact.</li>
<li>The simplified harmonic language that’s similar to ancient modes.</li>
</ul>
<p>These elements present a clear connection to Greek drama, all of which contribute to the enduring impact of <em>Carmina Burana</em>. Orff’s artistic vision and his ability to synthesize diverse influences have made this work a cornerstone of 20th-century musical theatre.</p>
<h2 id="t6">The Contemporary Relevance of “o fortuna”</h2>
<p>Despite being rooted in the Middle Ages, the themes explored in <em>Carmina Burana</em> remain strikingly relevant today.  The sense of powerlessness in the face of forces beyond our control – whether it be economic instability, political upheaval, or personal tragedy – is a feeling that resonates deeply in the 21st century.  The critique of social inequality and the abuse of power continues to be a pressing concern in many parts of the world. And the tension between spiritual devotion and earthly desire remains a fundamental aspect of the human experience.  The enduring popularity of “o fortuna” and the work as a whole speaks to the universality of these themes.</p>
<p>The accessibility of Orff&#39;s musical language is another reason for its lasting appeal.  The melodies are simple and memorable, the rhythms are driving and energetic, and the harmonies are often stark and direct.  This accessibility doesn’t diminish the work’s artistic merit; rather, it allows it to connect with a wider audience, transcending cultural and linguistic barriers. This is likely a key factor in its frequent use in film, television, and advertising, further cementing its place in popular culture. The emotional directness of the music, bordering on the primal, is one of its most defining characteristics.</p>
<h3 id="t7">Applications in Modern Media and Pop Culture</h3>
<p>The song “o fortuna” has been prominently featured in numerous films and television shows, often used to create a sense of drama, foreboding, or grand spectacle. Its appearance in <em>The Hunt for Red October</em> (1990) and <em>Excalibur</em> (1981) exemplifies this usage. Its dramatic impact is instantaneous and recognizable, making it a frequently chosen piece for underscoring critical scenes.  The use of the piece in advertising, too, highlights its ability to evoke a specific mood or emotion. However, while its presence in popular culture has broadened its reach, it&#39;s also raised questions about the potential for overexposure and the dilution of its original meaning. Often, the dramatic intent used in soundtracks relies on the song’s immediate and potent association with fate and doom.</p>
<p>While adaptations can sometimes detract from the original&#39;s depth, they also serve as a testament to its enduring power.  The continued use of the music demonstrates its continued relevance. It’s a reminder that the themes explored in <em>Carmina Burana</em> – the anxieties of existence, the complexities of human desire, and the capriciousness of fate – remain as potent and relevant today as they were in the Middle Ages. The song’s ability to evoke such powerful emotions ensures its continued place in both the classical repertoire and the broader cultural landscape.</p>
<ol>
<li>Acknowledge the historical context of the Carmina Burana manuscript.</li>
<li>Analyze Orff’s musical choices and their impact.</li>
<li>Examine the use of the chorus and dramatic presentation.</li>
<li>Consider the contemporary relevance of the themes.</li>
<li>Explore the influence of ancient Greek drama.</li>
<li>Identify the enduring appeal of “o fortuna” in popular culture.</li>
</ol>
<p>These steps can contribute to a more nuanced understanding of the work. The continued fascination with <em>Carmina Burana</em> must be understood in the context of its themes, artistic construction, and cultural impact. The work is an example of how a relatively obscure medieval text can be transformed into a timeless work of art.</p>
<h2 id="t8">Beyond the Chorus: Exploring the Full <em>Carmina Burana</em> Cycle</h2>
<p>While “o fortuna” is undoubtedly the most famous movement from <em>Carmina Burana</em>, the complete work is far more than just a single chorus. It&#39;s a carefully crafted cycle of songs and dances, exploring a wide range of themes and emotions.  From the joyous celebration of spring and the pleasures of love to the somber reflections on mortality and the fallibility of fortune, <em>Carmina Burana</em> offers a complex and multifaceted portrait of medieval life. It&#39;s a journey through the entire spectrum of human experience, rendered with remarkable musical and dramatic skill. The cycle’s deliberate pacing allows for moments of intense drama to be interspersed with quieter, more introspective passages.</p>
<p>Many musicians and performers now actively champion the complete <em>Carmina Burana</em> cycle, seeking to move beyond the iconic chorus and reveal the richness and depth of the entire work.  They recognize that understanding the context of “o fortuna” within the larger cycle is crucial to appreciating its true significance.  These performances often involve a more detailed examination of the historical and literary sources, as well as a greater emphasis on the dramatic and theatrical aspects of the work. Encouraging engagement with the complete work can deepen public appreciation for Orff’s vision and the enduring power of the <em>Goliards’</em> verses. </p>
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