/**
 * REST API: WP_REST_Comments_Controller class
 *
 * @package WordPress
 * @subpackage REST_API
 * @since 4.7.0
 */

/**
 * Core controller used to access comments via the REST API.
 *
 * @since 4.7.0
 *
 * @see WP_REST_Controller
 */
class WP_REST_Comments_Controller extends WP_REST_Controller {

	/**
	 * Instance of a comment meta fields object.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 * @var WP_REST_Comment_Meta_Fields
	 */
	protected $meta;

	/**
	 * Constructor.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 */
	public function __construct() {
		$this->namespace = 'wp/v2';
		$this->rest_base = 'comments';

		$this->meta = new WP_REST_Comment_Meta_Fields();
	}

	/**
	 * Registers the routes for comments.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 *
	 * @see register_rest_route()
	 */
	public function register_routes() {

		register_rest_route(
			$this->namespace,
			'/' . $this->rest_base,
			array(
				array(
					'methods'             => WP_REST_Server::READABLE,
					'callback'            => array( $this, 'get_items' ),
					'permission_callback' => array( $this, 'get_items_permissions_check' ),
					'args'                => $this->get_collection_params(),
				),
				array(
					'methods'             => WP_REST_Server::CREATABLE,
					'callback'            => array( $this, 'create_item' ),
					'permission_callback' => array( $this, 'create_item_permissions_check' ),
					'args'                => $this->get_endpoint_args_for_item_schema( WP_REST_Server::CREATABLE ),
				),
				'schema' => array( $this, 'get_public_item_schema' ),
			)
		);

		register_rest_route(
			$this->namespace,
			'/' . $this->rest_base . '/(?P<id>[\d]+)',
			array(
				'args'   => array(
					'id' => array(
						'description' => __( 'Unique identifier for the comment.' ),
						'type'        => 'integer',
					),
				),
				array(
					'methods'             => WP_REST_Server::READABLE,
					'callback'            => array( $this, 'get_item' ),
					'permission_callback' => array( $this, 'get_item_permissions_check' ),
					'args'                => array(
						'context'  => $this->get_context_param( array( 'default' => 'view' ) ),
						'password' => array(
							'description' => __( 'The password for the parent post of the comment (if the post is password protected).' ),
							'type'        => 'string',
						),
					),
				),
				array(
					'methods'             => WP_REST_Server::EDITABLE,
					'callback'            => array( $this, 'update_item' ),
					'permission_callback' => array( $this, 'update_item_permissions_check' ),
					'args'                => $this->get_endpoint_args_for_item_schema( WP_REST_Server::EDITABLE ),
				),
				array(
					'methods'             => WP_REST_Server::DELETABLE,
					'callback'            => array( $this, 'delete_item' ),
					'permission_callback' => array( $this, 'delete_item_permissions_check' ),
					'args'                => array(
						'force'    => array(
							'type'        => 'boolean',
							'default'     => false,
							'description' => __( 'Whether to bypass Trash and force deletion.' ),
						),
						'password' => array(
							'description' => __( 'The password for the parent post of the comment (if the post is password protected).' ),
							'type'        => 'string',
						),
					),
				),
				'schema' => array( $this, 'get_public_item_schema' ),
			)
		);
	}

	/**
	 * Checks if a given request has access to read comments.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 *
	 * @param WP_REST_Request $request Full details about the request.
	 * @return true|WP_Error True if the request has read access, error object otherwise.
	 */
	public function get_items_permissions_check( $request ) {

		if ( ! empty( $request['post'] ) ) {
			foreach ( (array) $request['post'] as $post_id ) {
				$post = get_post( $post_id );

				if ( ! empty( $post_id ) && $post && ! $this->check_read_post_permission( $post, $request ) ) {
					return new WP_Error(
						'rest_cannot_read_post',
						__( 'Sorry, you are not allowed to read the post for this comment.' ),
						array( 'status' => rest_authorization_required_code() )
					);
				} elseif ( 0 === $post_id && ! current_user_can( 'moderate_comments' ) ) {
					return new WP_Error(
						'rest_cannot_read',
						__( 'Sorry, you are not allowed to read comments without a post.' ),
						array( 'status' => rest_authorization_required_code() )
					);
				}
			}
		}

		if ( ! empty( $request['context'] ) && 'edit' === $request['context'] && ! current_user_can( 'moderate_comments' ) ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'rest_forbidden_context',
				__( 'Sorry, you are not allowed to edit comments.' ),
				array( 'status' => rest_authorization_required_code() )
			);
		}

		if ( ! current_user_can( 'edit_posts' ) ) {
			$protected_params = array( 'author', 'author_exclude', 'author_email', 'type', 'status' );
			$forbidden_params = array();

			foreach ( $protected_params as $param ) {
				if ( 'status' === $param ) {
					if ( 'approve' !== $request[ $param ] ) {
						$forbidden_params[] = $param;
					}
				} elseif ( 'type' === $param ) {
					if ( 'comment' !== $request[ $param ] ) {
						$forbidden_params[] = $param;
					}
				} elseif ( ! empty( $request[ $param ] ) ) {
					$forbidden_params[] = $param;
				}
			}

			if ( ! empty( $forbidden_params ) ) {
				return new WP_Error(
					'rest_forbidden_param',
					/* translators: %s: List of forbidden parameters. */
					sprintf( __( 'Query parameter not permitted: %s' ), implode( ', ', $forbidden_params ) ),
					array( 'status' => rest_authorization_required_code() )
				);
			}
		}

		return true;
	}

	/**
	 * Retrieves a list of comment items.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 *
	 * @param WP_REST_Request $request Full details about the request.
	 * @return WP_REST_Response|WP_Error Response object on success, or error object on failure.
	 */
	public function get_items( $request ) {

		// Retrieve the list of registered collection query parameters.
		$registered = $this->get_collection_params();

		/*
		 * This array defines mappings between public API query parameters whose
		 * values are accepted as-passed, and their internal WP_Query parameter
		 * name equivalents (some are the same). Only values which are also
		 * present in $registered will be set.
		 */
		$parameter_mappings = array(
			'author'         => 'author__in',
			'author_email'   => 'author_email',
			'author_exclude' => 'author__not_in',
			'exclude'        => 'comment__not_in',
			'include'        => 'comment__in',
			'offset'         => 'offset',
			'order'          => 'order',
			'parent'         => 'parent__in',
			'parent_exclude' => 'parent__not_in',
			'per_page'       => 'number',
			'post'           => 'post__in',
			'search'         => 'search',
			'status'         => 'status',
			'type'           => 'type',
		);

		$prepared_args = array();

		/*
		 * For each known parameter which is both registered and present in the request,
		 * set the parameter's value on the query $prepared_args.
		 */
		foreach ( $parameter_mappings as $api_param => $wp_param ) {
			if ( isset( $registered[ $api_param ], $request[ $api_param ] ) ) {
				$prepared_args[ $wp_param ] = $request[ $api_param ];
			}
		}

		// Ensure certain parameter values default to empty strings.
		foreach ( array( 'author_email', 'search' ) as $param ) {
			if ( ! isset( $prepared_args[ $param ] ) ) {
				$prepared_args[ $param ] = '';
			}
		}

		if ( isset( $registered['orderby'] ) ) {
			$prepared_args['orderby'] = $this->normalize_query_param( $request['orderby'] );
		}

		$prepared_args['no_found_rows'] = false;

		$prepared_args['update_comment_post_cache'] = true;

		$prepared_args['date_query'] = array();

		// Set before into date query. Date query must be specified as an array of an array.
		if ( isset( $registered['before'], $request['before'] ) ) {
			$prepared_args['date_query'][0]['before'] = $request['before'];
		}

		// Set after into date query. Date query must be specified as an array of an array.
		if ( isset( $registered['after'], $request['after'] ) ) {
			$prepared_args['date_query'][0]['after'] = $request['after'];
		}

		if ( isset( $registered['page'] ) && empty( $request['offset'] ) ) {
			$prepared_args['offset'] = $prepared_args['number'] * ( absint( $request['page'] ) - 1 );
		}

		/**
		 * Filters WP_Comment_Query arguments when querying comments via the REST API.
		 *
		 * @since 4.7.0
		 *
		 * @link https://developer.wordpress.org/reference/classes/wp_comment_query/
		 *
		 * @param array           $prepared_args Array of arguments for WP_Comment_Query.
		 * @param WP_REST_Request $request       The REST API request.
		 */
		$prepared_args = apply_filters( 'rest_comment_query', $prepared_args, $request );

		$query        = new WP_Comment_Query();
		$query_result = $query->query( $prepared_args );

		$comments = array();

		foreach ( $query_result as $comment ) {
			if ( ! $this->check_read_permission( $comment, $request ) ) {
				continue;
			}

			$data       = $this->prepare_item_for_response( $comment, $request );
			$comments[] = $this->prepare_response_for_collection( $data );
		}

		$total_comments = (int) $query->found_comments;
		$max_pages      = (int) $query->max_num_pages;

		if ( $total_comments < 1 ) {
			// Out-of-bounds, run the query again without LIMIT for total count.
			unset( $prepared_args['number'], $prepared_args['offset'] );

			$query                    = new WP_Comment_Query();
			$prepared_args['count']   = true;
			$prepared_args['orderby'] = 'none';

			$total_comments = $query->query( $prepared_args );
			$max_pages      = (int) ceil( $total_comments / $request['per_page'] );
		}

		$response = rest_ensure_response( $comments );
		$response->header( 'X-WP-Total', $total_comments );
		$response->header( 'X-WP-TotalPages', $max_pages );

		$base = add_query_arg( urlencode_deep( $request->get_query_params() ), rest_url( sprintf( '%s/%s', $this->namespace, $this->rest_base ) ) );

		if ( $request['page'] > 1 ) {
			$prev_page = $request['page'] - 1;

			if ( $prev_page > $max_pages ) {
				$prev_page = $max_pages;
			}

			$prev_link = add_query_arg( 'page', $prev_page, $base );
			$response->link_header( 'prev', $prev_link );
		}

		if ( $max_pages > $request['page'] ) {
			$next_page = $request['page'] + 1;
			$next_link = add_query_arg( 'page', $next_page, $base );

			$response->link_header( 'next', $next_link );
		}

		return $response;
	}

	/**
	 * Get the comment, if the ID is valid.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.2
	 *
	 * @param int $id Supplied ID.
	 * @return WP_Comment|WP_Error Comment object if ID is valid, WP_Error otherwise.
	 */
	protected function get_comment( $id ) {
		$error = new WP_Error(
			'rest_comment_invalid_id',
			__( 'Invalid comment ID.' ),
			array( 'status' => 404 )
		);

		if ( (int) $id <= 0 ) {
			return $error;
		}

		$id      = (int) $id;
		$comment = get_comment( $id );
		if ( empty( $comment ) ) {
			return $error;
		}

		if ( ! empty( $comment->comment_post_ID ) ) {
			$post = get_post( (int) $comment->comment_post_ID );

			if ( empty( $post ) ) {
				return new WP_Error(
					'rest_post_invalid_id',
					__( 'Invalid post ID.' ),
					array( 'status' => 404 )
				);
			}
		}

		return $comment;
	}

	/**
	 * Checks if a given request has access to read the comment.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 *
	 * @param WP_REST_Request $request Full details about the request.
	 * @return true|WP_Error True if the request has read access for the item, error object otherwise.
	 */
	public function get_item_permissions_check( $request ) {
		$comment = $this->get_comment( $request['id'] );
		if ( is_wp_error( $comment ) ) {
			return $comment;
		}

		if ( ! empty( $request['context'] ) && 'edit' === $request['context'] && ! current_user_can( 'moderate_comments' ) ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'rest_forbidden_context',
				__( 'Sorry, you are not allowed to edit comments.' ),
				array( 'status' => rest_authorization_required_code() )
			);
		}

		$post = get_post( $comment->comment_post_ID );

		if ( ! $this->check_read_permission( $comment, $request ) ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'rest_cannot_read',
				__( 'Sorry, you are not allowed to read this comment.' ),
				array( 'status' => rest_authorization_required_code() )
			);
		}

		if ( $post && ! $this->check_read_post_permission( $post, $request ) ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'rest_cannot_read_post',
				__( 'Sorry, you are not allowed to read the post for this comment.' ),
				array( 'status' => rest_authorization_required_code() )
			);
		}

		return true;
	}

	/**
	 * Retrieves a comment.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 *
	 * @param WP_REST_Request $request Full details about the request.
	 * @return WP_REST_Response|WP_Error Response object on success, or error object on failure.
	 */
	public function get_item( $request ) {
		$comment = $this->get_comment( $request['id'] );
		if ( is_wp_error( $comment ) ) {
			return $comment;
		}

		$data     = $this->prepare_item_for_response( $comment, $request );
		$response = rest_ensure_response( $data );

		return $response;
	}

	/**
	 * Checks if a given request has access to create a comment.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 *
	 * @param WP_REST_Request $request Full details about the request.
	 * @return true|WP_Error True if the request has access to create items, error object otherwise.
	 */
	public function create_item_permissions_check( $request ) {
		if ( ! is_user_logged_in() ) {
			if ( get_option( 'comment_registration' ) ) {
				return new WP_Error(
					'rest_comment_login_required',
					__( 'Sorry, you must be logged in to comment.' ),
					array( 'status' => 401 )
				);
			}

			/**
			 * Filters whether comments can be created via the REST API without authentication.
			 *
			 * Enables creating comments for anonymous users.
			 *
			 * @since 4.7.0
			 *
			 * @param bool $allow_anonymous Whether to allow anonymous comments to
			 *                              be created. Default `false`.
			 * @param WP_REST_Request $request Request used to generate the
			 *                                 response.
			 */
			$allow_anonymous = apply_filters( 'rest_allow_anonymous_comments', false, $request );

			if ( ! $allow_anonymous ) {
				return new WP_Error(
					'rest_comment_login_required',
					__( 'Sorry, you must be logged in to comment.' ),
					array( 'status' => 401 )
				);
			}
		}

		// Limit who can set comment `author`, `author_ip` or `status` to anything other than the default.
		if ( isset( $request['author'] ) && get_current_user_id() !== $request['author'] && ! current_user_can( 'moderate_comments' ) ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'rest_comment_invalid_author',
				/* translators: %s: Request parameter. */
				sprintf( __( "Sorry, you are not allowed to edit '%s' for comments." ), 'author' ),
				array( 'status' => rest_authorization_required_code() )
			);
		}

		if ( isset( $request['author_ip'] ) && ! current_user_can( 'moderate_comments' ) ) {
			if ( empty( $_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR'] ) || $request['author_ip'] !== $_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR'] ) {
				return new WP_Error(
					'rest_comment_invalid_author_ip',
					/* translators: %s: Request parameter. */
					sprintf( __( "Sorry, you are not allowed to edit '%s' for comments." ), 'author_ip' ),
					array( 'status' => rest_authorization_required_code() )
				);
			}
		}

		if ( isset( $request['status'] ) && ! current_user_can( 'moderate_comments' ) ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'rest_comment_invalid_status',
				/* translators: %s: Request parameter. */
				sprintf( __( "Sorry, you are not allowed to edit '%s' for comments." ), 'status' ),
				array( 'status' => rest_authorization_required_code() )
			);
		}

		if ( empty( $request['post'] ) ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'rest_comment_invalid_post_id',
				__( 'Sorry, you are not allowed to create this comment without a post.' ),
				array( 'status' => 403 )
			);
		}

		$post = get_post( (int) $request['post'] );

		if ( ! $post ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'rest_comment_invalid_post_id',
				__( 'Sorry, you are not allowed to create this comment without a post.' ),
				array( 'status' => 403 )
			);
		}

		if ( 'draft' === $post->post_status ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'rest_comment_draft_post',
				__( 'Sorry, you are not allowed to create a comment on this post.' ),
				array( 'status' => 403 )
			);
		}

		if ( 'trash' === $post->post_status ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'rest_comment_trash_post',
				__( 'Sorry, you are not allowed to create a comment on this post.' ),
				array( 'status' => 403 )
			);
		}

		if ( ! $this->check_read_post_permission( $post, $request ) ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'rest_cannot_read_post',
				__( 'Sorry, you are not allowed to read the post for this comment.' ),
				array( 'status' => rest_authorization_required_code() )
			);
		}

		if ( ! comments_open( $post->ID ) ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'rest_comment_closed',
				__( 'Sorry, comments are closed for this item.' ),
				array( 'status' => 403 )
			);
		}

		return true;
	}

	/**
	 * Creates a comment.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 *
	 * @param WP_REST_Request $request Full details about the request.
	 * @return WP_REST_Response|WP_Error Response object on success, or error object on failure.
	 */
	public function create_item( $request ) {
		if ( ! empty( $request['id'] ) ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'rest_comment_exists',
				__( 'Cannot create existing comment.' ),
				array( 'status' => 400 )
			);
		}

		// Do not allow comments to be created with a non-default type.
		if ( ! empty( $request['type'] ) && 'comment' !== $request['type'] ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'rest_invalid_comment_type',
				__( 'Cannot create a comment with that type.' ),
				array( 'status' => 400 )
			);
		}

		$prepared_comment = $this->prepare_item_for_database( $request );
		if ( is_wp_error( $prepared_comment ) ) {
			return $prepared_comment;
		}

		$prepared_comment['comment_type'] = 'comment';

		if ( ! isset( $prepared_comment['comment_content'] ) ) {
			$prepared_comment['comment_content'] = '';
		}

		if ( ! $this->check_is_comment_content_allowed( $prepared_comment ) ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'rest_comment_content_invalid',
				__( 'Invalid comment content.' ),
				array( 'status' => 400 )
			);
		}

		// Setting remaining values before wp_insert_comment so we can use wp_allow_comment().
		if ( ! isset( $prepared_comment['comment_date_gmt'] ) ) {
			$prepared_comment['comment_date_gmt'] = current_time( 'mysql', true );
		}

		// Set author data if the user's logged in.
		$missing_author = empty( $prepared_comment['user_id'] )
			&& empty( $prepared_comment['comment_author'] )
			&& empty( $prepared_comment['comment_author_email'] )
			&& empty( $prepared_comment['comment_author_url'] );

		if ( is_user_logged_in() && $missing_author ) {
			$user = wp_get_current_user();

			$prepared_comment['user_id']              = $user->ID;
			$prepared_comment['comment_author']       = $user->display_name;
			$prepared_comment['comment_author_email'] = $user->user_email;
			$prepared_comment['comment_author_url']   = $user->user_url;
		}

		// Honor the discussion setting that requires a name and email address of the comment author.
		if ( get_option( 'require_name_email' ) ) {
			if ( empty( $prepared_comment['comment_author'] ) || empty( $prepared_comment['comment_author_email'] ) ) {
				return new WP_Error(
					'rest_comment_author_data_required',
					__( 'Creating a comment requires valid author name and email values.' ),
					array( 'status' => 400 )
				);
			}
		}

		if ( ! isset( $prepared_comment['comment_author_email'] ) ) {
			$prepared_comment['comment_author_email'] = '';
		}

		if ( ! isset( $prepared_comment['comment_author_url'] ) ) {
			$prepared_comment['comment_author_url'] = '';
		}

		if ( ! isset( $prepared_comment['comment_agent'] ) ) {
			$prepared_comment['comment_agent'] = '';
		}

		$check_comment_lengths = wp_check_comment_data_max_lengths( $prepared_comment );

		if ( is_wp_error( $check_comment_lengths ) ) {
			$error_code = $check_comment_lengths->get_error_code();
			return new WP_Error(
				$error_code,
				__( 'Comment field exceeds maximum length allowed.' ),
				array( 'status' => 400 )
			);
		}

		$prepared_comment['comment_approved'] = wp_allow_comment( $prepared_comment, true );

		if ( is_wp_error( $prepared_comment['comment_approved'] ) ) {
			$error_code    = $prepared_comment['comment_approved']->get_error_code();
			$error_message = $prepared_comment['comment_approved']->get_error_message();

			if ( 'comment_duplicate' === $error_code ) {
				return new WP_Error(
					$error_code,
					$error_message,
					array( 'status' => 409 )
				);
			}

			if ( 'comment_flood' === $error_code ) {
				return new WP_Error(
					$error_code,
					$error_message,
					array( 'status' => 400 )
				);
			}

			return $prepared_comment['comment_approved'];
		}

		/**
		 * Filters a comment before it is inserted via the REST API.
		 *
		 * Allows modification of the comment right before it is inserted via wp_insert_comment().
		 * Returning a WP_Error value from the filter will short-circuit insertion and allow
		 * skipping further processing.
		 *
		 * @since 4.7.0
		 * @since 4.8.0 `$prepared_comment` can now be a WP_Error to short-circuit insertion.
		 *
		 * @param array|WP_Error  $prepared_comment The prepared comment data for wp_insert_comment().
		 * @param WP_REST_Request $request          Request used to insert the comment.
		 */
		$prepared_comment = apply_filters( 'rest_pre_insert_comment', $prepared_comment, $request );
		if ( is_wp_error( $prepared_comment ) ) {
			return $prepared_comment;
		}

		$comment_id = wp_insert_comment( wp_filter_comment( wp_slash( (array) $prepared_comment ) ) );

		if ( ! $comment_id ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'rest_comment_failed_create',
				__( 'Creating comment failed.' ),
				array( 'status' => 500 )
			);
		}

		if ( isset( $request['status'] ) ) {
			$this->handle_status_param( $request['status'], $comment_id );
		}

		$comment = get_comment( $comment_id );

		/**
		 * Fires after a comment is created or updated via the REST API.
		 *
		 * @since 4.7.0
		 *
		 * @param WP_Comment      $comment  Inserted or updated comment object.
		 * @param WP_REST_Request $request  Request object.
		 * @param bool            $creating True when creating a comment, false
		 *                                  when updating.
		 */
		do_action( 'rest_insert_comment', $comment, $request, true );

		$schema = $this->get_item_schema();

		if ( ! empty( $schema['properties']['meta'] ) && isset( $request['meta'] ) ) {
			$meta_update = $this->meta->update_value( $request['meta'], $comment_id );

			if ( is_wp_error( $meta_update ) ) {
				return $meta_update;
			}
		}

		$fields_update = $this->update_additional_fields_for_object( $comment, $request );

		if ( is_wp_error( $fields_update ) ) {
			return $fields_update;
		}

		$context = current_user_can( 'moderate_comments' ) ? 'edit' : 'view';
		$request->set_param( 'context', $context );

		/**
		 * Fires completely after a comment is created or updated via the REST API.
		 *
		 * @since 5.0.0
		 *
		 * @param WP_Comment      $comment  Inserted or updated comment object.
		 * @param WP_REST_Request $request  Request object.
		 * @param bool            $creating True when creating a comment, false
		 *                                  when updating.
		 */
		do_action( 'rest_after_insert_comment', $comment, $request, true );

		$response = $this->prepare_item_for_response( $comment, $request );
		$response = rest_ensure_response( $response );

		$response->set_status( 201 );
		$response->header( 'Location', rest_url( sprintf( '%s/%s/%d', $this->namespace, $this->rest_base, $comment_id ) ) );

		return $response;
	}

	/**
	 * Checks if a given REST request has access to update a comment.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 *
	 * @param WP_REST_Request $request Full details about the request.
	 * @return true|WP_Error True if the request has access to update the item, error object otherwise.
	 */
	public function update_item_permissions_check( $request ) {
		$comment = $this->get_comment( $request['id'] );
		if ( is_wp_error( $comment ) ) {
			return $comment;
		}

		if ( ! $this->check_edit_permission( $comment ) ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'rest_cannot_edit',
				__( 'Sorry, you are not allowed to edit this comment.' ),
				array( 'status' => rest_authorization_required_code() )
			);
		}

		return true;
	}

	/**
	 * Updates a comment.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 *
	 * @param WP_REST_Request $request Full details about the request.
	 * @return WP_REST_Response|WP_Error Response object on success, or error object on failure.
	 */
	public function update_item( $request ) {
		$comment = $this->get_comment( $request['id'] );
		if ( is_wp_error( $comment ) ) {
			return $comment;
		}

		$id = $comment->comment_ID;

		if ( isset( $request['type'] ) && get_comment_type( $id ) !== $request['type'] ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'rest_comment_invalid_type',
				__( 'Sorry, you are not allowed to change the comment type.' ),
				array( 'status' => 404 )
			);
		}

		$prepared_args = $this->prepare_item_for_database( $request );

		if ( is_wp_error( $prepared_args ) ) {
			return $prepared_args;
		}

		if ( ! empty( $prepared_args['comment_post_ID'] ) ) {
			$post = get_post( $prepared_args['comment_post_ID'] );

			if ( empty( $post ) ) {
				return new WP_Error(
					'rest_comment_invalid_post_id',
					__( 'Invalid post ID.' ),
					array( 'status' => 403 )
				);
			}
		}

		if ( empty( $prepared_args ) && isset( $request['status'] ) ) {
			// Only the comment status is being changed.
			$change = $this->handle_status_param( $request['status'], $id );

			if ( ! $change ) {
				return new WP_Error(
					'rest_comment_failed_edit',
					__( 'Updating comment status failed.' ),
					array( 'status' => 500 )
				);
			}
		} elseif ( ! empty( $prepared_args ) ) {
			if ( is_wp_error( $prepared_args ) ) {
				return $prepared_args;
			}

			if ( isset( $prepared_args['comment_content'] ) && empty( $prepared_args['comment_content'] ) ) {
				return new WP_Error(
					'rest_comment_content_invalid',
					__( 'Invalid comment content.' ),
					array( 'status' => 400 )
				);
			}

			$prepared_args['comment_ID'] = $id;

			$check_comment_lengths = wp_check_comment_data_max_lengths( $prepared_args );

			if ( is_wp_error( $check_comment_lengths ) ) {
				$error_code = $check_comment_lengths->get_error_code();
				return new WP_Error(
					$error_code,
					__( 'Comment field exceeds maximum length allowed.' ),
					array( 'status' => 400 )
				);
			}

			$updated = wp_update_comment( wp_slash( (array) $prepared_args ), true );

			if ( is_wp_error( $updated ) ) {
				return new WP_Error(
					'rest_comment_failed_edit',
					__( 'Updating comment failed.' ),
					array( 'status' => 500 )
				);
			}

			if ( isset( $request['status'] ) ) {
				$this->handle_status_param( $request['status'], $id );
			}
		}

		$comment = get_comment( $id );

		/** This action is documented in wp-includes/rest-api/endpoints/class-wp-rest-comments-controller.php */
		do_action( 'rest_insert_comment', $comment, $request, false );

		$schema = $this->get_item_schema();

		if ( ! empty( $schema['properties']['meta'] ) && isset( $request['meta'] ) ) {
			$meta_update = $this->meta->update_value( $request['meta'], $id );

			if ( is_wp_error( $meta_update ) ) {
				return $meta_update;
			}
		}

		$fields_update = $this->update_additional_fields_for_object( $comment, $request );

		if ( is_wp_error( $fields_update ) ) {
			return $fields_update;
		}

		$request->set_param( 'context', 'edit' );

		/** This action is documented in wp-includes/rest-api/endpoints/class-wp-rest-comments-controller.php */
		do_action( 'rest_after_insert_comment', $comment, $request, false );

		$response = $this->prepare_item_for_response( $comment, $request );

		return rest_ensure_response( $response );
	}

	/**
	 * Checks if a given request has access to delete a comment.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 *
	 * @param WP_REST_Request $request Full details about the request.
	 * @return true|WP_Error True if the request has access to delete the item, error object otherwise.
	 */
	public function delete_item_permissions_check( $request ) {
		$comment = $this->get_comment( $request['id'] );
		if ( is_wp_error( $comment ) ) {
			return $comment;
		}

		if ( ! $this->check_edit_permission( $comment ) ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'rest_cannot_delete',
				__( 'Sorry, you are not allowed to delete this comment.' ),
				array( 'status' => rest_authorization_required_code() )
			);
		}
		return true;
	}

	/**
	 * Deletes a comment.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 *
	 * @param WP_REST_Request $request Full details about the request.
	 * @return WP_REST_Response|WP_Error Response object on success, or error object on failure.
	 */
	public function delete_item( $request ) {
		$comment = $this->get_comment( $request['id'] );
		if ( is_wp_error( $comment ) ) {
			return $comment;
		}

		$force = isset( $request['force'] ) ? (bool) $request['force'] : false;

		/**
		 * Filters whether a comment can be trashed via the REST API.
		 *
		 * Return false to disable trash support for the comment.
		 *
		 * @since 4.7.0
		 *
		 * @param bool       $supports_trash Whether the comment supports trashing.
		 * @param WP_Comment $comment        The comment object being considered for trashing support.
		 */
		$supports_trash = apply_filters( 'rest_comment_trashable', ( EMPTY_TRASH_DAYS > 0 ), $comment );

		$request->set_param( 'context', 'edit' );

		if ( $force ) {
			$previous = $this->prepare_item_for_response( $comment, $request );
			$result   = wp_delete_comment( $comment->comment_ID, true );
			$response = new WP_REST_Response();
			$response->set_data(
				array(
					'deleted'  => true,
					'previous' => $previous->get_data(),
				)
			);
		} else {
			// If this type doesn't support trashing, error out.
			if ( ! $supports_trash ) {
				return new WP_Error(
					'rest_trash_not_supported',
					/* translators: %s: force=true */
					sprintf( __( "The comment does not support trashing. Set '%s' to delete." ), 'force=true' ),
					array( 'status' => 501 )
				);
			}

			if ( 'trash' === $comment->comment_approved ) {
				return new WP_Error(
					'rest_already_trashed',
					__( 'The comment has already been trashed.' ),
					array( 'status' => 410 )
				);
			}

			$result   = wp_trash_comment( $comment->comment_ID );
			$comment  = get_comment( $comment->comment_ID );
			$response = $this->prepare_item_for_response( $comment, $request );
		}

		if ( ! $result ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'rest_cannot_delete',
				__( 'The comment cannot be deleted.' ),
				array( 'status' => 500 )
			);
		}

		/**
		 * Fires after a comment is deleted via the REST API.
		 *
		 * @since 4.7.0
		 *
		 * @param WP_Comment       $comment  The deleted comment data.
		 * @param WP_REST_Response $response The response returned from the API.
		 * @param WP_REST_Request  $request  The request sent to the API.
		 */
		do_action( 'rest_delete_comment', $comment, $response, $request );

		return $response;
	}

	/**
	 * Prepares a single comment output for response.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 * @since 5.9.0 Renamed `$comment` to `$item` to match parent class for PHP 8 named parameter support.
	 *
	 * @param WP_Comment      $item    Comment object.
	 * @param WP_REST_Request $request Request object.
	 * @return WP_REST_Response Response object.
	 */
	public function prepare_item_for_response( $item, $request ) {
		// Restores the more descriptive, specific name for use within this method.
		$comment = $item;

		$fields = $this->get_fields_for_response( $request );
		$data   = array();

		if ( in_array( 'id', $fields, true ) ) {
			$data['id'] = (int) $comment->comment_ID;
		}

		if ( in_array( 'post', $fields, true ) ) {
			$data['post'] = (int) $comment->comment_post_ID;
		}

		if ( in_array( 'parent', $fields, true ) ) {
			$data['parent'] = (int) $comment->comment_parent;
		}

		if ( in_array( 'author', $fields, true ) ) {
			$data['author'] = (int) $comment->user_id;
		}

		if ( in_array( 'author_name', $fields, true ) ) {
			$data['author_name'] = $comment->comment_author;
		}

		if ( in_array( 'author_email', $fields, true ) ) {
			$data['author_email'] = $comment->comment_author_email;
		}

		if ( in_array( 'author_url', $fields, true ) ) {
			$data['author_url'] = $comment->comment_author_url;
		}

		if ( in_array( 'author_ip', $fields, true ) ) {
			$data['author_ip'] = $comment->comment_author_IP;
		}

		if ( in_array( 'author_user_agent', $fields, true ) ) {
			$data['author_user_agent'] = $comment->comment_agent;
		}

		if ( in_array( 'date', $fields, true ) ) {
			$data['date'] = mysql_to_rfc3339( $comment->comment_date );
		}

		if ( in_array( 'date_gmt', $fields, true ) ) {
			$data['date_gmt'] = mysql_to_rfc3339( $comment->comment_date_gmt );
		}

		if ( in_array( 'content', $fields, true ) ) {
			$data['content'] = array(
				/** This filter is documented in wp-includes/comment-template.php */
				'rendered' => apply_filters( 'comment_text', $comment->comment_content, $comment, array() ),
				'raw'      => $comment->comment_content,
			);
		}

		if ( in_array( 'link', $fields, true ) ) {
			$data['link'] = get_comment_link( $comment );
		}

		if ( in_array( 'status', $fields, true ) ) {
			$data['status'] = $this->prepare_status_response( $comment->comment_approved );
		}

		if ( in_array( 'type', $fields, true ) ) {
			$data['type'] = get_comment_type( $comment->comment_ID );
		}

		if ( in_array( 'author_avatar_urls', $fields, true ) ) {
			$data['author_avatar_urls'] = rest_get_avatar_urls( $comment );
		}

		if ( in_array( 'meta', $fields, true ) ) {
			$data['meta'] = $this->meta->get_value( $comment->comment_ID, $request );
		}

		$context = ! empty( $request['context'] ) ? $request['context'] : 'view';
		$data    = $this->add_additional_fields_to_object( $data, $request );
		$data    = $this->filter_response_by_context( $data, $context );

		// Wrap the data in a response object.
		$response = rest_ensure_response( $data );

		if ( rest_is_field_included( '_links', $fields ) || rest_is_field_included( '_embedded', $fields ) ) {
			$response->add_links( $this->prepare_links( $comment ) );
		}

		/**
		 * Filters a comment returned from the REST API.
		 *
		 * Allows modification of the comment right before it is returned.
		 *
		 * @since 4.7.0
		 *
		 * @param WP_REST_Response  $response The response object.
		 * @param WP_Comment        $comment  The original comment object.
		 * @param WP_REST_Request   $request  Request used to generate the response.
		 */
		return apply_filters( 'rest_prepare_comment', $response, $comment, $request );
	}

	/**
	 * Prepares links for the request.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 *
	 * @param WP_Comment $comment Comment object.
	 * @return array Links for the given comment.
	 */
	protected function prepare_links( $comment ) {
		$links = array(
			'self'       => array(
				'href' => rest_url( sprintf( '%s/%s/%d', $this->namespace, $this->rest_base, $comment->comment_ID ) ),
			),
			'collection' => array(
				'href' => rest_url( sprintf( '%s/%s', $this->namespace, $this->rest_base ) ),
			),
		);

		if ( 0 !== (int) $comment->user_id ) {
			$links['author'] = array(
				'href'       => rest_url( 'wp/v2/users/' . $comment->user_id ),
				'embeddable' => true,
			);
		}

		if ( 0 !== (int) $comment->comment_post_ID ) {
			$post       = get_post( $comment->comment_post_ID );
			$post_route = rest_get_route_for_post( $post );

			if ( ! empty( $post->ID ) && $post_route ) {
				$links['up'] = array(
					'href'       => rest_url( $post_route ),
					'embeddable' => true,
					'post_type'  => $post->post_type,
				);
			}
		}

		if ( 0 !== (int) $comment->comment_parent ) {
			$links['in-reply-to'] = array(
				'href'       => rest_url( sprintf( '%s/%s/%d', $this->namespace, $this->rest_base, $comment->comment_parent ) ),
				'embeddable' => true,
			);
		}

		// Only grab one comment to verify the comment has children.
		$comment_children = $comment->get_children(
			array(
				'count'   => true,
				'orderby' => 'none',
			)
		);

		if ( ! empty( $comment_children ) ) {
			$args = array(
				'parent' => $comment->comment_ID,
			);

			$rest_url = add_query_arg( $args, rest_url( $this->namespace . '/' . $this->rest_base ) );

			$links['children'] = array(
				'href'       => $rest_url,
				'embeddable' => true,
			);
		}

		return $links;
	}

	/**
	 * Prepends internal property prefix to query parameters to match our response fields.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 *
	 * @param string $query_param Query parameter.
	 * @return string The normalized query parameter.
	 */
	protected function normalize_query_param( $query_param ) {
		$prefix = 'comment_';

		switch ( $query_param ) {
			case 'id':
				$normalized = $prefix . 'ID';
				break;
			case 'post':
				$normalized = $prefix . 'post_ID';
				break;
			case 'parent':
				$normalized = $prefix . 'parent';
				break;
			case 'include':
				$normalized = 'comment__in';
				break;
			default:
				$normalized = $prefix . $query_param;
				break;
		}

		return $normalized;
	}

	/**
	 * Checks comment_approved to set comment status for single comment output.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 *
	 * @param string|int $comment_approved comment status.
	 * @return string Comment status.
	 */
	protected function prepare_status_response( $comment_approved ) {

		switch ( $comment_approved ) {
			case 'hold':
			case '0':
				$status = 'hold';
				break;

			case 'approve':
			case '1':
				$status = 'approved';
				break;

			case 'spam':
			case 'trash':
			default:
				$status = $comment_approved;
				break;
		}

		return $status;
	}

	/**
	 * Prepares a single comment to be inserted into the database.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 *
	 * @param WP_REST_Request $request Request object.
	 * @return array|WP_Error Prepared comment, otherwise WP_Error object.
	 */
	protected function prepare_item_for_database( $request ) {
		$prepared_comment = array();

		/*
		 * Allow the comment_content to be set via the 'content' or
		 * the 'content.raw' properties of the Request object.
		 */
		if ( isset( $request['content'] ) && is_string( $request['content'] ) ) {
			$prepared_comment['comment_content'] = trim( $request['content'] );
		} elseif ( isset( $request['content']['raw'] ) && is_string( $request['content']['raw'] ) ) {
			$prepared_comment['comment_content'] = trim( $request['content']['raw'] );
		}

		if ( isset( $request['post'] ) ) {
			$prepared_comment['comment_post_ID'] = (int) $request['post'];
		}

		if ( isset( $request['parent'] ) ) {
			$prepared_comment['comment_parent'] = $request['parent'];
		}

		if ( isset( $request['author'] ) ) {
			$user = new WP_User( $request['author'] );

			if ( $user->exists() ) {
				$prepared_comment['user_id']              = $user->ID;
				$prepared_comment['comment_author']       = $user->display_name;
				$prepared_comment['comment_author_email'] = $user->user_email;
				$prepared_comment['comment_author_url']   = $user->user_url;
			} else {
				return new WP_Error(
					'rest_comment_author_invalid',
					__( 'Invalid comment author ID.' ),
					array( 'status' => 400 )
				);
			}
		}

		if ( isset( $request['author_name'] ) ) {
			$prepared_comment['comment_author'] = $request['author_name'];
		}

		if ( isset( $request['author_email'] ) ) {
			$prepared_comment['comment_author_email'] = $request['author_email'];
		}

		if ( isset( $request['author_url'] ) ) {
			$prepared_comment['comment_author_url'] = $request['author_url'];
		}

		if ( isset( $request['author_ip'] ) && current_user_can( 'moderate_comments' ) ) {
			$prepared_comment['comment_author_IP'] = $request['author_ip'];
		} elseif ( ! empty( $_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR'] ) && rest_is_ip_address( $_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR'] ) ) {
			$prepared_comment['comment_author_IP'] = $_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR'];
		} else {
			$prepared_comment['comment_author_IP'] = '127.0.0.1';
		}

		if ( ! empty( $request['author_user_agent'] ) ) {
			$prepared_comment['comment_agent'] = $request['author_user_agent'];
		} elseif ( $request->get_header( 'user_agent' ) ) {
			$prepared_comment['comment_agent'] = $request->get_header( 'user_agent' );
		}

		if ( ! empty( $request['date'] ) ) {
			$date_data = rest_get_date_with_gmt( $request['date'] );

			if ( ! empty( $date_data ) ) {
				list( $prepared_comment['comment_date'], $prepared_comment['comment_date_gmt'] ) = $date_data;
			}
		} elseif ( ! empty( $request['date_gmt'] ) ) {
			$date_data = rest_get_date_with_gmt( $request['date_gmt'], true );

			if ( ! empty( $date_data ) ) {
				list( $prepared_comment['comment_date'], $prepared_comment['comment_date_gmt'] ) = $date_data;
			}
		}

		/**
		 * Filters a comment added via the REST API after it is prepared for insertion into the database.
		 *
		 * Allows modification of the comment right after it is prepared for the database.
		 *
		 * @since 4.7.0
		 *
		 * @param array           $prepared_comment The prepared comment data for `wp_insert_comment`.
		 * @param WP_REST_Request $request          The current request.
		 */
		return apply_filters( 'rest_preprocess_comment', $prepared_comment, $request );
	}

	/**
	 * Retrieves the comment's schema, conforming to JSON Schema.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 *
	 * @return array
	 */
	public function get_item_schema() {
		if ( $this->schema ) {
			return $this->add_additional_fields_schema( $this->schema );
		}

		$schema = array(
			'$schema'    => 'http://json-schema.org/draft-04/schema#',
			'title'      => 'comment',
			'type'       => 'object',
			'properties' => array(
				'id'                => array(
					'description' => __( 'Unique identifier for the comment.' ),
					'type'        => 'integer',
					'context'     => array( 'view', 'edit', 'embed' ),
					'readonly'    => true,
				),
				'author'            => array(
					'description' => __( 'The ID of the user object, if author was a user.' ),
					'type'        => 'integer',
					'context'     => array( 'view', 'edit', 'embed' ),
				),
				'author_email'      => array(
					'description' => __( 'Email address for the comment author.' ),
					'type'        => 'string',
					'format'      => 'email',
					'context'     => array( 'edit' ),
					'arg_options' => array(
						'sanitize_callback' => array( $this, 'check_comment_author_email' ),
						'validate_callback' => null, // Skip built-in validation of 'email'.
					),
				),
				'author_ip'         => array(
					'description' => __( 'IP address for the comment author.' ),
					'type'        => 'string',
					'format'      => 'ip',
					'context'     => array( 'edit' ),
				),
				'author_name'       => array(
					'description' => __( 'Display name for the comment author.' ),
					'type'        => 'string',
					'context'     => array( 'view', 'edit', 'embed' ),
					'arg_options' => array(
						'sanitize_callback' => 'sanitize_text_field',
					),
				),
				'author_url'        => array(
					'description' => __( 'URL for the comment author.' ),
					'type'        => 'string',
					'format'      => 'uri',
					'context'     => array( 'view', 'edit', 'embed' ),
				),
				'author_user_agent' => array(
					'description' => __( 'User agent for the comment author.' ),
					'type'        => 'string',
					'context'     => array( 'edit' ),
					'arg_options' => array(
						'sanitize_callback' => 'sanitize_text_field',
					),
				),
				'content'           => array(
					'description' => __( 'The content for the comment.' ),
					'type'        => 'object',
					'context'     => array( 'view', 'edit', 'embed' ),
					'arg_options' => array(
						'sanitize_callback' => null, // Note: sanitization implemented in self::prepare_item_for_database().
						'validate_callback' => null, // Note: validation implemented in self::prepare_item_for_database().
					),
					'properties'  => array(
						'raw'      => array(
							'description' => __( 'Content for the comment, as it exists in the database.' ),
							'type'        => 'string',
							'context'     => array( 'edit' ),
						),
						'rendered' => array(
							'description' => __( 'HTML content for the comment, transformed for display.' ),
							'type'        => 'string',
							'context'     => array( 'view', 'edit', 'embed' ),
							'readonly'    => true,
						),
					),
				),
				'date'              => array(
					'description' => __( "The date the comment was published, in the site's timezone." ),
					'type'        => 'string',
					'format'      => 'date-time',
					'context'     => array( 'view', 'edit', 'embed' ),
				),
				'date_gmt'          => array(
					'description' => __( 'The date the comment was published, as GMT.' ),
					'type'        => 'string',
					'format'      => 'date-time',
					'context'     => array( 'view', 'edit' ),
				),
				'link'              => array(
					'description' => __( 'URL to the comment.' ),
					'type'        => 'string',
					'format'      => 'uri',
					'context'     => array( 'view', 'edit', 'embed' ),
					'readonly'    => true,
				),
				'parent'            => array(
					'description' => __( 'The ID for the parent of the comment.' ),
					'type'        => 'integer',
					'context'     => array( 'view', 'edit', 'embed' ),
					'default'     => 0,
				),
				'post'              => array(
					'description' => __( 'The ID of the associated post object.' ),
					'type'        => 'integer',
					'context'     => array( 'view', 'edit' ),
					'default'     => 0,
				),
				'status'            => array(
					'description' => __( 'State of the comment.' ),
					'type'        => 'string',
					'context'     => array( 'view', 'edit' ),
					'arg_options' => array(
						'sanitize_callback' => 'sanitize_key',
					),
				),
				'type'              => array(
					'description' => __( 'Type of the comment.' ),
					'type'        => 'string',
					'context'     => array( 'view', 'edit', 'embed' ),
					'readonly'    => true,
				),
			),
		);

		if ( get_option( 'show_avatars' ) ) {
			$avatar_properties = array();

			$avatar_sizes = rest_get_avatar_sizes();

			foreach ( $avatar_sizes as $size ) {
				$avatar_properties[ $size ] = array(
					/* translators: %d: Avatar image size in pixels. */
					'description' => sprintf( __( 'Avatar URL with image size of %d pixels.' ), $size ),
					'type'        => 'string',
					'format'      => 'uri',
					'context'     => array( 'embed', 'view', 'edit' ),
				);
			}

			$schema['properties']['author_avatar_urls'] = array(
				'description' => __( 'Avatar URLs for the comment author.' ),
				'type'        => 'object',
				'context'     => array( 'view', 'edit', 'embed' ),
				'readonly'    => true,
				'properties'  => $avatar_properties,
			);
		}

		$schema['properties']['meta'] = $this->meta->get_field_schema();

		$this->schema = $schema;

		return $this->add_additional_fields_schema( $this->schema );
	}

	/**
	 * Retrieves the query params for collections.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 *
	 * @return array Comments collection parameters.
	 */
	public function get_collection_params() {
		$query_params = parent::get_collection_params();

		$query_params['context']['default'] = 'view';

		$query_params['after'] = array(
			'description' => __( 'Limit response to comments published after a given ISO8601 compliant date.' ),
			'type'        => 'string',
			'format'      => 'date-time',
		);

		$query_params['author'] = array(
			'description' => __( 'Limit result set to comments assigned to specific user IDs. Requires authorization.' ),
			'type'        => 'array',
			'items'       => array(
				'type' => 'integer',
			),
		);

		$query_params['author_exclude'] = array(
			'description' => __( 'Ensure result set excludes comments assigned to specific user IDs. Requires authorization.' ),
			'type'        => 'array',
			'items'       => array(
				'type' => 'integer',
			),
		);

		$query_params['author_email'] = array(
			'default'     => null,
			'description' => __( 'Limit result set to that from a specific author email. Requires authorization.' ),
			'format'      => 'email',
			'type'        => 'string',
		);

		$query_params['before'] = array(
			'description' => __( 'Limit response to comments published before a given ISO8601 compliant date.' ),
			'type'        => 'string',
			'format'      => 'date-time',
		);

		$query_params['exclude'] = array(
			'description' => __( 'Ensure result set excludes specific IDs.' ),
			'type'        => 'array',
			'items'       => array(
				'type' => 'integer',
			),
			'default'     => array(),
		);

		$query_params['include'] = array(
			'description' => __( 'Limit result set to specific IDs.' ),
			'type'        => 'array',
			'items'       => array(
				'type' => 'integer',
			),
			'default'     => array(),
		);

		$query_params['offset'] = array(
			'description' => __( 'Offset the result set by a specific number of items.' ),
			'type'        => 'integer',
		);

		$query_params['order'] = array(
			'description' => __( 'Order sort attribute ascending or descending.' ),
			'type'        => 'string',
			'default'     => 'desc',
			'enum'        => array(
				'asc',
				'desc',
			),
		);

		$query_params['orderby'] = array(
			'description' => __( 'Sort collection by comment attribute.' ),
			'type'        => 'string',
			'default'     => 'date_gmt',
			'enum'        => array(
				'date',
				'date_gmt',
				'id',
				'include',
				'post',
				'parent',
				'type',
			),
		);

		$query_params['parent'] = array(
			'default'     => array(),
			'description' => __( 'Limit result set to comments of specific parent IDs.' ),
			'type'        => 'array',
			'items'       => array(
				'type' => 'integer',
			),
		);

		$query_params['parent_exclude'] = array(
			'default'     => array(),
			'description' => __( 'Ensure result set excludes specific parent IDs.' ),
			'type'        => 'array',
			'items'       => array(
				'type' => 'integer',
			),
		);

		$query_params['post'] = array(
			'default'     => array(),
			'description' => __( 'Limit result set to comments assigned to specific post IDs.' ),
			'type'        => 'array',
			'items'       => array(
				'type' => 'integer',
			),
		);

		$query_params['status'] = array(
			'default'           => 'approve',
			'description'       => __( 'Limit result set to comments assigned a specific status. Requires authorization.' ),
			'sanitize_callback' => 'sanitize_key',
			'type'              => 'string',
			'validate_callback' => 'rest_validate_request_arg',
		);

		$query_params['type'] = array(
			'default'           => 'comment',
			'description'       => __( 'Limit result set to comments assigned a specific type. Requires authorization.' ),
			'sanitize_callback' => 'sanitize_key',
			'type'              => 'string',
			'validate_callback' => 'rest_validate_request_arg',
		);

		$query_params['password'] = array(
			'description' => __( 'The password for the post if it is password protected.' ),
			'type'        => 'string',
		);

		/**
		 * Filters REST API collection parameters for the comments controller.
		 *
		 * This filter registers the collection parameter, but does not map the
		 * collection parameter to an internal WP_Comment_Query parameter. Use the
		 * `rest_comment_query` filter to set WP_Comment_Query parameters.
		 *
		 * @since 4.7.0
		 *
		 * @param array $query_params JSON Schema-formatted collection parameters.
		 */
		return apply_filters( 'rest_comment_collection_params', $query_params );
	}

	/**
	 * Sets the comment_status of a given comment object when creating or updating a comment.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 *
	 * @param string|int $new_status New comment status.
	 * @param int        $comment_id Comment ID.
	 * @return bool Whether the status was changed.
	 */
	protected function handle_status_param( $new_status, $comment_id ) {
		$old_status = wp_get_comment_status( $comment_id );

		if ( $new_status === $old_status ) {
			return false;
		}

		switch ( $new_status ) {
			case 'approved':
			case 'approve':
			case '1':
				$changed = wp_set_comment_status( $comment_id, 'approve' );
				break;
			case 'hold':
			case '0':
				$changed = wp_set_comment_status( $comment_id, 'hold' );
				break;
			case 'spam':
				$changed = wp_spam_comment( $comment_id );
				break;
			case 'unspam':
				$changed = wp_unspam_comment( $comment_id );
				break;
			case 'trash':
				$changed = wp_trash_comment( $comment_id );
				break;
			case 'untrash':
				$changed = wp_untrash_comment( $comment_id );
				break;
			default:
				$changed = false;
				break;
		}

		return $changed;
	}

	/**
	 * Checks if the post can be read.
	 *
	 * Correctly handles posts with the inherit status.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 *
	 * @param WP_Post         $post    Post object.
	 * @param WP_REST_Request $request Request data to check.
	 * @return bool Whether post can be read.
	 */
	protected function check_read_post_permission( $post, $request ) {
		$post_type = get_post_type_object( $post->post_type );

		// Return false if custom post type doesn't exist
		if ( ! $post_type ) {
			return false;
		}

		$posts_controller = $post_type->get_rest_controller();

		/*
		 * Ensure the posts controller is specifically a WP_REST_Posts_Controller instance
		 * before using methods specific to that controller.
		 */
		if ( ! $posts_controller instanceof WP_REST_Posts_Controller ) {
			$posts_controller = new WP_REST_Posts_Controller( $post->post_type );
		}

		$has_password_filter = false;

		// Only check password if a specific post was queried for or a single comment
		$requested_post    = ! empty( $request['post'] ) && ( ! is_array( $request['post'] ) || 1 === count( $request['post'] ) );
		$requested_comment = ! empty( $request['id'] );
		if ( ( $requested_post || $requested_comment ) && $posts_controller->can_access_password_content( $post, $request ) ) {
			add_filter( 'post_password_required', '__return_false' );

			$has_password_filter = true;
		}

		if ( post_password_required( $post ) ) {
			$result = current_user_can( 'edit_post', $post->ID );
		} else {
			$result = $posts_controller->check_read_permission( $post );
		}

		if ( $has_password_filter ) {
			remove_filter( 'post_password_required', '__return_false' );
		}

		return $result;
	}

	/**
	 * Checks if the comment can be read.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 *
	 * @param WP_Comment      $comment Comment object.
	 * @param WP_REST_Request $request Request data to check.
	 * @return bool Whether the comment can be read.
	 */
	protected function check_read_permission( $comment, $request ) {
		if ( ! empty( $comment->comment_post_ID ) ) {
			$post = get_post( $comment->comment_post_ID );
			if ( $post ) {
				if ( $this->check_read_post_permission( $post, $request ) && 1 === (int) $comment->comment_approved ) {
					return true;
				}
			}
		}

		if ( 0 === get_current_user_id() ) {
			return false;
		}

		if ( empty( $comment->comment_post_ID ) && ! current_user_can( 'moderate_comments' ) ) {
			return false;
		}

		if ( ! empty( $comment->user_id ) && get_current_user_id() === (int) $comment->user_id ) {
			return true;
		}

		return current_user_can( 'edit_comment', $comment->comment_ID );
	}

	/**
	 * Checks if a comment can be edited or deleted.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 *
	 * @param WP_Comment $comment Comment object.
	 * @return bool Whether the comment can be edited or deleted.
	 */
	protected function check_edit_permission( $comment ) {
		if ( 0 === (int) get_current_user_id() ) {
			return false;
		}

		if ( current_user_can( 'moderate_comments' ) ) {
			return true;
		}

		return current_user_can( 'edit_comment', $comment->comment_ID );
	}

	/**
	 * Checks a comment author email for validity.
	 *
	 * Accepts either a valid email address or empty string as a valid comment
	 * author email address. Setting the comment author email to an empty
	 * string is allowed when a comment is being updated.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 *
	 * @param string          $value   Author email value submitted.
	 * @param WP_REST_Request $request Full details about the request.
	 * @param string          $param   The parameter name.
	 * @return string|WP_Error The sanitized email address, if valid,
	 *                         otherwise an error.
	 */
	public function check_comment_author_email( $value, $request, $param ) {
		$email = (string) $value;
		if ( empty( $email ) ) {
			return $email;
		}

		$check_email = rest_validate_request_arg( $email, $request, $param );
		if ( is_wp_error( $check_email ) ) {
			return $check_email;
		}

		return $email;
	}

	/**
	 * If empty comments are not allowed, checks if the provided comment content is not empty.
	 *
	 * @since 5.6.0
	 *
	 * @param array $prepared_comment The prepared comment data.
	 * @return bool True if the content is allowed, false otherwise.
	 */
	protected function check_is_comment_content_allowed( $prepared_comment ) {
		$check = wp_parse_args(
			$prepared_comment,
			array(
				'comment_post_ID'      => 0,
				'comment_author'       => null,
				'comment_author_email' => null,
				'comment_author_url'   => null,
				'comment_parent'       => 0,
				'user_id'              => 0,
			)
		);

		/** This filter is documented in wp-includes/comment.php */
		$allow_empty = apply_filters( 'allow_empty_comment', false, $check );

		if ( $allow_empty ) {
			return true;
		}

		/*
		 * Do not allow a comment to be created with missing or empty
		 * comment_content. See wp_handle_comment_submission().
		 */
		return '' !== $check['comment_content'];
	}
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				<h1 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline">e Funktion Erklärung, Rechenregeln, Beispiele  mit Video</h1>		<div class="entry-meta">
			<span class="posted-on"><time class="updated" datetime="2025-10-08T16:20:41+00:00" itemprop="dateModified">October 8, 2025</time><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2025-10-08T15:14:46+00:00" itemprop="datePublished">October 8, 2025</time></span> <span class="byline">by <span class="author vcard" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" itemscope><a class="url fn n" href="https://eluxhire.co.uk/author/admin/" title="View all posts by admin" rel="author" itemprop="url"><span class="author-name" itemprop="name">admin</span></a></span></span> 		</div>
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			<h1>é mit Apostroph Tastenkombinationen  mit Video</h1>
<p>Dieser Buchstabe wird verwendet, wenn das „e“ sonst aussehen würde, als wäre es ein Teil einer größeren Gruppe. Zum Beispiel Noël („Weihnachten“) wird /nɔεl/ (no-ell) ausgesprochen, wohingegen „noel“ (ein nicht existierendes Wort) wäre als /nœl/ (nöl) ausgesprochen. Dieser Wissensbeitrag hilft Ihnen, die deutschen Umlaute besser zu verstehen. Wir erklären, was ä, ö, und ü sind, woher sie kommen und wie man sie in der Grammatik benutzt.</p>
<p>Zwar finden sich auf einer Computer-Tastatur bereits viele Buchstaben, doch alle Zeichen lassen sich damit längst nicht auf den Bildschirm bringen. GIGA erklärt, wie man ein e mit zwei Punkten oben drauf schreiben kann, um das Zeichen zum Beispiel in Word zu verwenden. Der Buchstabe „è“ wird auch in Konjugation der Verbe benutzt. Diakritische Zeichen werden nur in dem Fall verwendet, wenn sich die geforderte Aussprache von der durch grammatische Regeln vorgeschriebenen unterscheidet. Diese Regeln können Sie in einem separaten Artikel lesen (der aber nur auf Englisch vorhanden ist).</p>
<h2>Logarithmus</h2>
<ul>
<li>Ähnlich wie bei der „ä oder e Regel“ gibt es eine Regel für „äu“ und „eu“.</li>
<li>Sie finden sie überall – in Texten, in der Werbung und in Gesprächen.</li>
<li>Stattdessen wird das ë in Verbindung mit einem vorstehenden Vokal verwendet.</li>
<li>Sie sind also keine neuen Buchstaben, sondern besondere Formen der Vokale (auch Selbstlaute genannt).</li>
</ul>
<p>Ê mit Zirkumflex bezeichnet ein „e“, nach dem früher ein anderer Buchstabe geschrieben wurde (meistens ein „s“), der aber im modernen Französischen nicht mehr geschrieben wird. Zum Beispiel être („sein“, das Verb) wurde früher estre geschrieben, wo man die lateinische Herkunft esse sehen kann, die man auch im deutschen Wort „Essenz“ sieht. É mit Akut (accent aigu) bedeutet, dass das „e“ wie „e“ in „Zeh“ (d.h. /e/) ausgesprochen wird. Man verwendet ihn, wenn es die Aussprache fordert, aber die typografischen Regeln eine andere Aussprache vorschreiben.</p>
<p>Anfangs noch nach links orientiert, wurde der Buchstabe mit dem Wechsel der Schreibrichtung auf links nach rechts gespiegelt. Je nachdem, in welche Richtung der Strich zeigt, wird der Buchstabe anders ausgesprochen. Das nach rechts oben deutende Apostroph ( ´ ) führt zu einer geschlossene Aussprache des Vokals. Durch den nach links oben zeigenden Strich ( `&nbsp; ) wird der Buchstabe offen ausgesprochen.</p>
<p>Merken Sie sich, dass man nur „e“ (ohne den Akut) schreibt, wenn seine Aussprache durch grammatische Regeln bestimmt wird, z.B. Um auf den eigentlichen Inhalt zuzugreifen, klicken Sie auf die Schaltfläche unten. Bitte beachten Sie, dass dabei Daten an Drittanbieter weitergegeben werden. Hier finden Sie einige nützliche Regeln und Hinweise, die Ihnen im Alltag helfen können, Umlaute richtig zu verwenden und zu schreiben.</p>
<p>Schalte bitte deinen Adblocker für Studyflix aus oder füge uns zu deinen Ausnahmen hinzu.Das tut dir nicht weh und hilft uns weiter. Wie du die e Funktion ableiten kannst, erklären wir dir ebenfalls ausführlich in einem eigenen Video. Da die natürliche Exponentialfunktion die einzige Funktion ist, deren Steigung immer gleich ihrem Funktionswert ist, ist ihre Ableitung immer wieder die Funktion selbst. Die e-Funktion ist überall streng monoton steigend, das bedeutet für alle Werte&nbsp; ist immer auch .</p>
<p>Hier zeigen wir Ihnen die Definition, sichere Anwendung sowie Übungsaufgaben und weiterführende Wissensbeiträge zu Umlauten. Du weißt bereits, dass die Umkehrfunktion einer Exponentialfunktion die Logarithmus Funktion&nbsp;ist. Die Umkehrfunktion der e-Funktion ist somit auch eine Logarithmus-Funktion, sie wird als natürlicher Logarithmus oder als bezeichnet.</p>
<h3>Word &#8211; Verzeichnis erstellen</h3>
<p>È mit Gravis (accent grave) wird wie /ε/ (wie in „Fett“) ausgesprochen. Zum Beispiel in père (Vater) ist „pe“ eine offene Silbe (siehe den anderen Artikel), und wäre es ohne Akzent theoretisch wie /pəʁ/ ausgesprochen. Da es aber /pεʁ/ (perr) ausgesprochen wird, muss es mit einem Gravis geschrieben sein. Die Griechen benutzten den Buchstaben, um ​⁠e⁠​ zu schreiben.</p>
<p>Sie finden sie überall – in Texten, in der Werbung und in Gesprächen. Es handelt sich hier um die Vokale a, e, i, o, u die als Umlaut zu ä, ö, ü werden. Sie sind also keine neuen Buchstaben, sondern besondere Formen der Vokale (auch&nbsp;Selbstlaute&nbsp;genannt).</p>
<p>Habt ihr ein Smartphone und wollt das „e“ mit Trema schreiben, benötigt ihr keine Tastenkombination. Es öffnet sich ein neues Feld mit verschiedenen „e“-Varianten. Tippt auf das gewünschte Symbol und es taucht auf dem Bildschirm auf. Falls das „Ë“/“ë“ fehlt, stellt vorübergehend die Tastatursprache auf Französisch um.</p>
<p>Wenn das Grundwort ein&nbsp;„au“&nbsp;hat, wird die verwandte Form mit&nbsp;„äu“&nbsp;geschrieben. Wenn Sie Wörter verkleinern möchten (Diminutive oder Verkleinerungsformen), wird oft ein <a href="https://dark-mind.de/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://dark-mind.de/</a> Umlaut im Vokal des Wortstamms verwendet. Das passiert besonders bei Endungen wie „-chen“ und „-lein“. Wenn die e Funktion ableiten so einfach ist, ist auch das uneigentliche Integral nicht schwer zu berechnen. Dass die e-Funktion so besonders ist, liegt an verschiedenen Eigenschaften und Merkmalen, die wir dir hier kurz und knapp zusammengefasst vorstellen.</p>
<p>In solchen Fällen werden die Vokale nicht als Doppellaut, sondern einzeln ausgesprochen. So heißt etwa der französische Autohersteller „Citroën“ nicht wie „Zitrön“, sondern „Zitro-en“. Bei den Punkten auf dem Buchstaben handelt es sich um ein sogenanntes „Trema“, das zum Beispiel auch beim „i“ verwendet wird. Ë mit Trema (zwei Punkten, le tréma auf Französisch) bedeutet, dass das „e“ wie /ε/ ausgesprochen wird (wie in „Fett“), unabhängig von seiner „Umgebung“.</p>
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